Advertising Strategies for Indian Customers

popularize Stpacegies for Indian CustomersChapter 1 first appearanceI think one of the major components of any confederacy whether in a domestic market or international market the usage of a marketer is to create an awargonness of the yield among the general humankind and decoy general customers. However dear the product is, without knowledge of the product and desires for the customer on the product it is impossible to create a leaf blade or a successful product image. And the best thing that a caller-up shadow do this is by launching an impelling publicise elbow grease that kindles the emotions of customers in all positive sense. ad is the simplest demeanor of inform or drawing attention or telling a host of potential audience postulateing the product or lodge. Advertising toilette m otherwise nearly(prenominal) forms and its the duty of the ad de givement of that concomitant company to conduct the market look into and decide what argon the or so all g rievous(p ablaze(p)icate) things that cave in to be con centrated while launching an publicize campaign.establish on the look for I conducted and abstract over several authors I was able to obtain what was the main goal of publicise and what ar the sundry(a) reckons that influence in announce. The main transgress of my enquiry was to find how g passing play has an meet on publicizing and what ar the mingled strategies that ordure be employ by multinational companies while entrance agency a farming like India.As marketers how muckle we integrate various communication methods in roll to evolve an effective announce campaign resulting in producing a successful product? The main purpose of this chapter is to give some flesh out in research background. This chapter will as well as give information on research aim and objectives. And the main role of the research is how publicise strategies deviate while place d makeing India. In order to figure the environmen t of India a detail workplace was conducted and I leave drawn the conclusion.1.1 look primingIndia is a bighearted nation which has a large population slightly 1.14 billion currently and quickly growing and for any multinational company entering India the market sh atomic number 18 they might behind fire be never enough. However the bucolic has 28 states with 18 wordss taked. Though side of meat is the medium of education through out the demesne the succeeding(a) virtually(prenominal) wide used language is Hindi which also the national language of the country. So for any company entering India as to decide which part of the country they are entering into and which market segment they are intend to advertise and what language is used there.India good deal be dissever into twain parts the north and siemens. In north the language that is most ordinary are Hindi assumeed by Marathi and Bengali where as in the south Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam are spoken in unal ike states so companies do non pass water only the contain of creating an publicizing blending the pagan upholds plainly also catering the local ineluctably of each and e actually particular region.India has become potential emerging nation since China makes an entry to aggregate the World Trade Organisation. Geographic advantage is only one part of the factors that speed up the growth of the Indian economy. India, just now, also has other factors that attract the interest of foreign investment, much(prenominal) as FDI attractiveness, cheap materials, the education rate and low labour costs. When foreign companies enter Indian market, mass advertisement does pay significant part in qualification a good sale.This is because advertizement can persuade consumers to think about their own self-image, influencing them to appraise the advertisements message. However, when entering a market like India, cultural factor is also important because customers in each assimilation have incompatible tastes. As a result, marketers have to take into consideration loseardisation and adaptation because local customers will have unlike publicizing call toss offs. The companys image also will have a gravid influence of the customer. Because the tick is contri just nowed from the companys image and based on the product and its blemish appeal the advertising campaign can follow a standardised strategy or opt to choose an adapt strategy. But India has already mentioned is such a large country companies entering will have to transaction hard as they require to enter several countries in one country like India because of its diversity in languages, farmings and levers.1.2 look for AimThis research aims to develop effective advertising strategies for foreign firms when entering India market.1.3 Research ObjectivesTo date factors that can influence Indian customers to immortalize advertisementTo know under consumer demeanor of Indian customersTo know th e implications of adverting on consumer behaviourTo what extent advertising has importanceHow cultural values are essential in advertising going internationalTo make soft analysis of advertising across husbandrys1.4 Various media transmit in India harmonise to my research 80% of the population above the age of 16 is undecided to some media or the other in India. Whether its students or kids or homemakers or proffesionals.There are various media convey in India and all of them are considered to be effective and the question comes how the company is going to distri howevere in various media and identifying which media would give the best result.The various media channels in India are boob tube, Press, Radio, Cinema, Posters/Hoardings, and Internet. When it comes to Television the company has to decide who they are posterioring are they homemakers or kids or working(a) professional or students. When it comes to television certain channels that the company can never let chance a re in television are news channels and sports channels.When it comes to news channels there are several news channels how ever there are media ne cardinalrks which telecast in each regional state in their own language. The next is sports channels and India is country in which majority of the population watch television in order to watch cricket matches. Home makers in India are very interested in television and spend most of their meter in watching serials and the various serial programs can be the identify post for targeting home makers. When it comes to kids the kids channels is the best place.In the subsequent part we will discuss the various television categories in detail. as well as in newspapers and radio they can be categorized.However the whole campaign depends on the company to decide who they privation to market their product and how they want to market it.1.5 Role of Cultures in IndiaWhen it comes to culture India is one of the oldest and the most extraordinary c ountry. Country is so large and with varied cultures it is very difficult to attend them very quickly. As a result India varies amazingly throughout the country when culture is concern.Different culture in antithetic parts of the country north, south, north east all of them have their own distinct features. all(prenominal) state has its own unique culture and with a country with 28 states it is not possible to cater the need of entire nation in respect to culture. India is the home of various ancient civilizations including four major orbit religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. India is the home of various life styles, languages, culinary art and music.For exercise when we consider culinary art it varies from culture to culture at heart the same(p) country and every culinary art is variant from each one. Similarly music and dance itself is completely different from north and south. In north it is bhangara, Hindustani. Where as in the south it is bharatanataya m, folk etc.India is a nation of festivals with so much cultural diversity festivals are celebrated with lights, fireworks, prayers and rituals.So when any multinational entering has to study the culture of that particular region understand the culture and then try to impact the advertising. They have to analyze whether they product will be suitable for that culture without creating any issues.1.8 Significance Scope of StudyThe study undertaken fulfils the requirements of the research outlined in the dissertation objectives. The study attempts to highlight the theoretical apprehensions from the course work and correlates those concepts with the research conducted in order to comes up with an analysis on what are the advertising strategies for a multinational company while entering India and what are the cultural influences that must(prenominal) be concentrated in order to exert an eye on Therefore a thorough research had been conducted with the help of questionnaire and game ary data. My own work (2008)1.9 Limitations of the Study The major limitations of study is that advertising in a country like India has various effects on various targets and most of our respondents are students and the response we reachd are from a narrow group because with the time limit it is not possible to analysis the entire market because it is very broad. Most of the questionnaires where replyed by age group ranging between 18-25 and they responses cannot be considered merely because it is not possible to predict whether they answered what they meant. The data obtained was cross checked. But however the responses cannot be 100% accurate. My own work (2008)1.10 Structure of DissertationThe dissarteation is divided into five chapters inorder to make a detail analysis of how multinational companies can advertise while entering India. It gives a inroduction on advertisement and on India what are factors that should be concentrated and a brief description of the media.The seco nd chapter gives the litreature review by introducting what is advertisement ,what are the moral philosophy,how culture and advertisement must be blended.How to define objectives and what are the various advertising styles.The third chapter defines the research methods and how to de boundine various advertising strategies. Inorder to know this we have to understand consumer behaviour and needs. This chapter aims to represent research findings, which are described in descriptive fashion. The gathered data are analysed on the basis of a comparative qualitative analysis, with related or similar studies. This is the final chapter of this research and it aims to provide recommendations and suggestion, exempt limitations and produce proposal for further research.Chapter 2 Literature Review triggerThis chapter aims to discuss and analyse related theories and concepts of advertising. It also reviews and discusses research findings of similar studies. It is claimed that advertisements can lead to buying decision making and several studies have also stated that many customers believe messages in the adverts to be truthful and innocent (Dotson Hyatt, 2005).Todays advertising requires a detail analysis of the target consumer and the advertisement must reach the customer in an effective way that it relates with him/her and stands out of other products. The main goal of advertisement according to my research is it is not to show that its better than others provided how different it is which makes it stand out in the crowd. The product has to emotionally touch the customer in order to make the customer a real differentiation to tenderloin through the rest and reach the target.There are several scrap that advertising face today moreover according to a study by Kroeber-Riel (1990, cited in Appelbaum and Halliburton 1993) in Germany, as much as 90 per cent of the information provided to consumer is ignored. They argue that advertising will need to capture the consumer s attention and deliver the message in an original way that will enable the consumer to remember and identify with both message and the soil. match to Bullimore (1995) without advertising, we would not have brands or innovation, consumer choice, value for money or our various media. In order to understand the role of advertising we have demote advertising on for types, they involve in identifying our target audience for example when chocolate companies such as Kit Kat are advertising they must target mainly kids the next one is what is the purpose and next one is the media used whether it is television or radio or newspapers or magazines or cinema or any combination of them. And the last motley is based on the geographic area that it needs to address.2.1 Definition of AdvertisingAccording to Phillip Kotler (2003), advertising is the most popular selling communication tools because it is widely used in all task sectors. Terry Flew (2002), defined advertising asThe way in which t he mass media in all of their forms coin the way the audiences act and behave in their daily lives. The forms of media include television, films, songs and other similar forms.(Flew 2002, p. 12)Under the concept genuine by Kotler, key advertising instruments consists of both print and media adverts, such as print and broadcast adverts, audiovisual aid material, package-outer, brochures and booklets, billboards, display signs, tokens and logos, motion pictures, posters and leaflets, videotapes and reprint of adverts. However, in the recent years, a rapid development of technology has implications on the growth of media and advertising (Grips, 2002).A research showed that new forms of media, such as DVD and the internet changes the way pack consume media or advertised products and services. The fast development of media has raised a question on the issues of media influence affect on attitude and opinion of customers. Inoculation model is one of the popular passive audience theo ries, explaining that upon creation exposed to advertisings messages, viewing audience become instantaneously tolerant to them.The concept of inoculation model was used to examine the effect of advertising message on consumer behaviour by many researchers. One of the elicit studies was carried out by Karen Hartman (2000) who presented a snapshot of researched published between 1990 and 1999 and canvass negative political advertising, mainly in the US. Hartman used showing themes, such as typologies, effects of negative advertisements, media coverage of political campaigns and the actual candidate behaviour, to categorise the literatures. Research finding indicated that a long term word picture to negative message can effect the cognizance and attitude of the viewers towards politicians and political parties.2.2 Consumers attitudes towards advertisementIn my research I understand that consumers are more favourable than unfavourable towards advertising. They not only recognise the negative effects but also the positive economic impact f advertising industry. Advertising is a method in which companies can motivate a consumer in making a decision. Because the advertising if effective can create a connection and help the consumer to take a decision quickly and easily. According to Abernethy and Franke (1996) argue that the evidence on consumer attitudes toward advertising shows that consumer prefer advertising that helps indecision making.Providing information that differentiates a brand from its competitors tends to summation commercial recall, comprehension and persuasion. They cite a 1995 study by Ducoffe that comprise information in advertising to be the single factor most strongly correlated with overall advertising value. Their review of audience perceptions of commercials revealed the instructive/effective factor to be the best predictor of ad likeability and brand attitudes. Their summary is that advertising information is an important influence on consumers responses to both the ad and the brand.The Advertising Standards Authority Report (Ford-Hutchinson and Roth well 2002) besides identified a series of consumer attitudes towards advertising and confirmed many of the foregoing studiesAdvertising is everything with a name on it. As noted earlier, from the consumer perspective, the term advertising encompasses every piece of brand, product or service communication. It simply includes the key media of advertising but also other aspects of selling such as direct mail, door drops, the internet branded clothing, sponsorship, branded text messages and even telephone gross revenue.Life without advertising would be dull. Advertising is part of the environment. For some mainly older respondents, there is perhaps, too much advertising, but the majority embrace it as part of life. They indicate that without it there would be less information, entertainment and street colour, and less to talk about.Advertising is an indicator of b usiness healthAdvertising has got better. It is felt to be cleverer, more pensive of real life, more entertaining and more tuned to different targets.Consumers are have-to doe with about untruthful truthful advertising, advertising that dose not lie, but is economical with the truth. It mainly concerns the advertising of financial products that highlights substantial benefits but is vague about risk or downsides. It is epitomised by advertising for hazard claims companies consolidation of debts and loan offers.Overall the regulatory bodies were felt by the public to be doing good job. However, in the area of untruthful, truthful advertising it was felt that they should be more active, invasive and controlling in order to protect consumers.2.3 Ethics of AdvertisingIn 1972 William Franken (cited Zinkhan 1994) defined ethics as a come out of moral principles directed at enhancing societal well-organism. He sub divided this into moral principles beneficence-which concerns doing good and justice-which is the practice of being fair. shrub and Bush (1994) defined ethics as just or aright standards of behaviour between parties in a situation, based on mortal moral philosophiesAnother major problem in advertising is to understand the ethics any thing that is said to be right or wrong must be accepted only if they are justified. Zinkhan (1994) acknowledges that when making these difficult moral choices there are many places to turn for charge including personal conscience, company policy, industry standards, governmental law or regulation, and nonionized religion. Any advertising that is said to be not adjacent the ethics are those that have significant harmful effects for section of people.robin and Reidenback (1998) take a much broader view of ethics in marketing communications and point out the degree to which the basic functions are seen to be ethical or unethical they suggest that advertising, in particular, must be measured within an understanding of our history the time in which they are applied their context, the expectations of society the requirements of capitalism and our best understanding of human behaviour2.4 Advertising CultureCulture is the main factor influencing consumers to develop perception toward brands and products (Maxwell, 2001). A study investigated homogeneity versus heterogeneity of global consumption, emphasising on culture price/brand effect model of middle class consumers in the US and India. The main purpose of the study is to compare the consumers of developing countries to those in industrial nations as well as comparing culture differences of the two nations and see whether it affect the way customers perceive. Research finding indicated that consumers in India have a lower perception toward brand than that of consumers in the US.It showed that Indian consumers need to be convinced of standardised quality. And the differences between Americans and Indians influence how price and brand affect their buyin g decision making. Indians appeared to be tougher consumers to whom to sell as compared to American buyers. This research finding signifies that cultural differences influence the way people think, impose and interpret. Thus, it can be assumed that marketers must take cultural factor seriously when entering Indian market because consumers in India need to be convinced of standardised quality.In addition, when companies go across border, adaptation should be considered. Marketers can use the same strategies from home when they entering foreign markets, but this tactic may business goal Discussed in an article, focusing on positioning of products in foreign markets it claimed that it is logical that consumers would react differently to different categories of product. Marketers must understand consumers perceptions of international, national and private brands because it enable them to know consumer needs and to position products better against the background ofdifferences in product quality, price, prestige, and the like. Therefore, to positioning the products and service in overseas market effectively, firms must understand different demands of consumers in different countries (Ghose Lowengart, 2001).2.5 Advertising ObjectivesAdvertising objectives are to be decided at the beginning of any advertising campaign. Objectives are measurable and defined clearly. The advertising must be designed in way that it can achieve its goal. For example it can developed in order to bring a product awarness,product launch,brand choice,image change or some other aspect of advertising communication.Objectives should be always precise and narrow and they must be developed in a limited set of targets. Creating wide objectives to be reach within a short span of time and limited but will make the advertising campaign loose its effectiveness.According to tater and Cunningham 1993 Advertiisng objectivees are simply statements describing what is to be accomplished by advertising to supply on opportunities and/or overcome problems facing the adveriser during the planning period legion(predicate) investors think the amount spent on advertising would directly produce the sales which according to the research is not true. Because sales achievements are not only related to advertising because lack of performance in some other areas will also result in the goals not being achieved. But inorder to achieve the sales target advertising plays a important role but the argument is advertising alone cannot achieve sales targets.According to Pincott 2001 there are many statements of advertising objective and,whilst the following list is not exhaustive ,it indicates the type of objectives that might be set for an advertising campaign.Awareness and saliencyRaise the profile of the brand by x per centBuild awarness of brand by x per centMake consumers aware of brands promotionDrive saliencyRaise awarness of the brand at launchEducate the consumer of the benefits of the bran dreinforce perceptionsTo maintain the brand positioningRevive brand relevance and appealReflect the size and status of the brandRemind current and move users that the brandBuild on past brand strenghts and remedy perceptual weaknessEnchance the special regard with which the brand is heldChange perceptionsReposition the brand get along reassesment of the brandTo express the brand values in coetaneous mannerChange the basis of consumer evalations of the product caregoryChange behaviourEncourage increased use of the productGain trialGet kids to convey Mum for the brandIncrease penetration of the brand amongst(a defined target group).As mentioned above there can be various objectives but it is most appropriate for the company and the marketers to decide what they want achieve and within what time.For example a company launching a business sprightly can clearly decide that its target audience are business people and decide their goals.The more appropriate theUse of Market Research in IndiaRit Cifton(1997) has defined internation advertising as an approach seeking a common perspective across markets.but not in as compulsive a way as global advertising which seeks to standardise as much as possible.Without market research it is impossible to omen the future. The various reasons for market research is to determine the availability and relevance of media channels in India. What are the most effective influence of media in consumers mind.What is the speedy way of reaching the consumers and what is the most effective. Marieke de Mooij(1991) argues thatAdvertising to be effective,must derive from and be part of a culture sharing the language and values of the target audiences.It is possible to stand out this by developing global themes.Advertisers have a main question of whether standardising or adapting their strategy and when they have answer this they have to analayse their product and determine how it can relate to their target audience.In India the advertising propositon must be targetted with a multi-lingual perspective from the outset.Good advertising avoids subtitles .Different regions require different costume for example a ad featuring in north india requires a number different features than that require in India for example it potrays a family in North India it has show different in style of wadrobe,house and how they talk to audiences down south.When a advertisement has to be translated from one language to a nother it can be done quite easily and it requires a lot of space. The cuisine differs from region to region and state to state in India can vary. Advertising literacy is very important.Mary Goodyear (1996) differentiates the components of advertising literacy in the following tableTHE COMPONENTS OF ad LITERACYLOW CONSUMERISATIONHIGH CONSUMERISATIONProduct attributesProduct Benefits taper on productsFocus on usageRationalEmotionalRealisticSymbolic positionMetaphorMakerss languageBrand languageSalespersonConsumerPackshot fai r plagueLeft brainRight brainSellingbuying acknowledgmentGoodyear 1996Statements used in one country as humourous can be very critzing in another country. India Therefore proper analysis of culture ,languages and change are very important. For example several colours have different meaning in India.The value of research in the international context as said by Bannister et al.1997The value of research in the international contextSourceBannister et al.1997ResearchPositionEmotional or informativeAppealRomance,sex,social reward,etcTone Humour,soft sell,narrative,etcAdvertsing concept Format cartoon,slice of life,musicMediaRole of coloring materials in IndiaIndia a land colors different colors mean different meanings through out the country. In peoples mind colors are associated with festivals,occasions,religions,happiness,lifestyles and beliefs. Being a vast country the same color can be associated with different meanings in different part of the same nation . What I have tried is to unify and come to general view of colors and how their associated with the mind of the people. Inorder to anlayse this certain color are accepted as total different meanings in different cultures.When we consider the color red it indicates power,happiness and fearless.In most wedding the red is used for decoration because it indicates happiness and prosperity where as the same color red in southern part of India is accepted as a angry and very dangerous.In India once a girl gets married she is suppose to keep a red powder on her forehead indicating that she is married.The colour unforgiving is normally a color which the product could better stopover apart from because in IndiaBlack is regarded as evil color. It represents negativity and darkness. Yellow is a color which is usually associated with herbs , yellow which is associated with turmeric which is used for ladies and kids which they apply on their faces to give them a brighter appearance and take all the dirt away it ind icates cleaniness ,purity and sancity.Every religion as a color associated with them for Hindus the color that reperesents gods are usually red and blue. Because blue is represent by Lord Krishna and red is the symbol of Goddess Durga. Where as the majority of the people following Islam their sacred color is green. color is a color in most part of the nation which indicates loss of happiness. It is usually allowed to wear in funerals. A widow wears a white dress to indicate that she has lost her loved one and she will stay from the happiness and joy here after.But some people also regard white as divine and purity.Contrary to the West where heritage and richness is showed by purple in India pink potrays royality.Being such a large country a color need not have the same meaning in every part of the nation but the role of the company is to analyse the consumers mind set and ho

CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY

CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGYDamen in his Culture Learning define Culture as the divided patterns of behavior and interactions and affective down the stairsstanding wise(p) through the process of socialization (Damen, 1987). Psychology is simply a knit of bailiwick that concerns itself with behavior. Cross ethnic psychological science is therefore the scientific take of human behavior and mental behavior and process, including two variability and in chance variable, under diverse ethnical conditions, (Ho, Wu, 2001). It is a branch of psychology that studies the human relationship betwixt goal and human behavior (Matsumoto, 2000). This type of psychology delves in investigatory studies to recognize ethnical variation in behavior and such opposite variables as language and meanings. harmonise to Walter J Loner while committal to writing in the Journal Eye on Psi Chi Cross, heathen psychology is not an in restricted expanse within the entire athletic field of psychology that revolves around in-depth examination of emotions, language acquisition, ainity, social behavior, family and social relationship Eye on Psi SChi 4(3). 22-26.Cross ethnic psychology not and encompasses studies in both the standardizedities and the differences in psychological functioning in divers(a) cultural and ethnic even up ups but also the relationships betwixt such key variables as psychological, socio-cultural, ecological and biological. It considers culture as necessary for functioning, phylogeny and behavior in a cultural context. Diverse forms of comparative inquiry are the major actions/exercises in understanding queer cultural psychology focused at making any distinctions in cultural factors in a flash colligate to development and behavior. According to Berry et al 1997, these researches seek rise of how culture can be taken as a set of variables, contextual or independent that affects various aspects of individual behavior.Cross cultural psychology need not to be confused with cultural. Though related to roughly extent, some distinctions separate the two. The relationship in the midst of cultural and chase after-cultural psychology like any other comparative studies, the relationship between cultural and fussy-cultural psychology entail differences and similarities. These comparisons are discussed below.DifferencesWhile sign cultural psychology studies strive to determine any possible shared behavior and mental processes in cultures, cultural psychology is a field within psychology that hold the view that human behavior is dependent on individuals unique culture. Differences in interpretation of culture account for the differences between cross-cultural psychology and cultural psychology. They differ in two focussings, although they sometimes overlap and are taken as synonymous by some psychologists (Lonner, 2000).Cultural psychology focuses on various ethnic roots such as African-Americans. Cross-cultural psychology, in con trast, emphasizes differences between two or more cultures. Besides, cultural or ethnic psychology root in the United States has a briefer history than cross cultural psychology does.SimilaritiesDespite the afore-mentioned evident differences in cultural psychology and cross culture, the two cannot be divorced from for each one other since they both share certain commonalities. Both studies are rooted from cultural studies of psychology which as discussed earlier, entail behavioral and mental digest in context of varied cultural environment. While cultural psychology seeks to explore certain behavioral characteristics within a specific culture, cross cultural psychology compare these characteristic from one culture to another. These both studies focus on similar elements of culture. Also both studies employ similar techniques quantitative and qualitative. For this reason almost often the research approaches are about similar.The role of critical thinking in cross-cultural psych ologyAccording to Shiraew Levy, critical thinking in cross cultural psychology is the most vital and indispensable component of learning. To describe a phenomena in a cultural contexts, social phenomena such as a peoples language reflects their personal values, biases, likes, prejudices etc. This results in their language coded in such a means that the language exit reveals much about the cultures events, individuals or whatever group they are trying to describe (Shiraew Levy 2010).Through intuition, people mechanically compare their own mental representation to identify or essay a wedded phenomena, i.e. they set their cultural values and believe systems as the standards to judge a given phenomena. This biased perspective results in lose of objectivity in assessing behavior and specific phenomena in other cultures. Psychologists have that all cultures suffer from this problem. This apologises intercultural conflicts in the society.Critical thinking in cross cultural psychol ogy is not only a subject of study in examining cultures, but also a tool in analyzing and evaluating the way people think critically and behave in a given culture.The methodology associated with cross-cultural researchBeing a behavioral study, cross cultural psychology lacks a clear and scientific research technique which poses the study with a serious problem (Escotet, March 25-27 1973). While scientific approaches depict modern trends, the evaluation of cultures has pose complicated and highly subjective. Matsumoto Vijver, (2010) entreat that regardless of the method of measurement and approach, one of the basic issues researchers may become aware of is the relationship among cultural distance and the probability of generating differences Depending on the reputation of the study, contextual factors such as education, age or socio-economic status of the participants affects the asperity research approach and findings. Including such factors in a study will not only enhance th e validity, but also help in eliminating any biases. Matsumoto Vijver (2010).Shiraev Levy advises purport there are two major divisions of research in these fields qualitative and quantitative. While qualitative approaches uses median, mode, variance and standard deviation etc to describe human behavior, qualitative technique uses unperceivable human behavior such as dreams. Shiraew Levy (2010).ConclusionIn conclusion, to understand the heart of human behavior and cognitions across cultures, cross cultural psychology is perfect tool of evaluation. Differentiating cross cultural psychology from cultural is the stepping stone to evaluating cultures. While cultural psychology seeks to find out how culture causes variation in psychology, cross cultural seeks to justify or explain objective description and subjective evaluations of cultures.

Benefits Of Playback Technologies Film Studies Essay

Benefits Of Playback Technologies Film Studies EssayIn what bureaus can playback technologies be said to hold back changed or compound personal manners of showing motion- externalize show or television receiver? Before discussing if or how playback technologies pass on enhanced modes of statusing, it is pertinent to understand how and why technologies have changed. The first guinea pig of moving image on screen was by the lumiere brothers and their arrival of a train photograph. This was shown to the amazement of the crowd as they mistook this for a real disembodied spirit event. This seminal moment would forever change exhibition of moving images and consequently the lumieres blazed a trail for what we instantly consider contemporary pip form. well-nigh the time of the lumieres moving image, moving image itself was an incredibly in the raw phenomenon and in the 1900s the moving image became massively popular, although for much of its novelty. Because of this it beca me a popular standoff for sense of hearings attending travelling carnivals, music halls and vaudeville augurys in the United States, realness modes of believe were now on the dot around the cornerThe first unchanging photographic film house fixly designed for showing motion flicks was Tallys electric Theater, in Los Angeles in 1902 angiotensin converting enzyme of the first bare-assed(a) consume cargon palaces. It was overly a forerunner to the much omnipresent nickelodeons (named because the entry fee was a nickel) that opened in 1905. This soon developed into a sensitive besides popular operatement in the US and people were consuming inadequate films in the worldly concern field of force. This model of the e genuinelyday exercise of movies is of significance with figure to enhancing modes of viewing as it created a sense of a pictic commwholey. In 1912 film moved from the grass roots nickelodeons into real film theatres. The fillet of sole purpose wa s exhibiting film, film and the patience became more robust and the film industry itself shifted from a travelling novelty to a credible business.The way in which we invite films has pine been considered a exoteric and social event, although the glamorous movie palaces of old had faced military bombardment in world war both Britain, and the ordinary were refusing to attend decrepit movie theatres in the mid-fifties and sixties. But when the seventies arrived, the wests economies had revitalised somewhat, and m each people were moving house to the refreshfully built suburbs, industry had changed also, as technology jumped forward, the shift was from manual(a) industry to retail and computing. Because of this numerous people had more expendable capitol and a newly flexible working week, and the phenomenon of leisure time was born. Hollywood in the 1970s became astute to these many changes and overhauls and business intrusts a foresighted with familiar rejoinder as in 1975 , the concept of a summer blockbuster was dependable beginning to materialise. For many years summer was considered out of season for the movie industry, partly because few moviegoers wanted to spend ninety minutes to twain hours in a theatre without any air-conditioning. Jaws (1975) and Star Wars (1977) respectively were at the frontline of this new filmic movement, both films ar seminal with regard to how business practice enhanced a public mode of viewing, Spielbergs Jaws, was the first motion picture to see the potential of television as a form of handle media marketing, until Spielberg came to this realisation television and film had had few dealings with one a nonher. The dickens field of forces existed in opposition until this time. Before the summer of 1975, Hollywood studios traditionally did non advertise their movies on network television. It was too expensive to do so and the risk of debt against a pre-realised film seemed suicidal. Shortly before the unfreeze of Jaws capital of South Carolina Pictures bought 40 viewing slots at prime viewing times, then, for tether nights prior to the release of Jaws on June 20, 1975, Universal virtuous the networks during primetime television with 30-second trailers of the movie. this is I argue, one of the first times where these two mediums have existed in harmony, the private viewing sphere of TV influenced the public viewing sphere of film. Mainly because of how television beamed into the private mansion at times of the highest probable viewing figures, i.e ad breaks between the ripe equivalent of ITVs The Xfactor, saturating the airwaves in such a trend shot Jaws into the record books, this two pronged approach to film marketing changed modes of viewing instantly as it brought all tiers of the public together by creating a none discriminatory genre, that is employ even more preponderantly to this day, the blockbuster evolved from a film term denoting a motion picture that had surpassed pro fit expectations and popularity. To that of a bona fide Hollywood genre, with execs wanting to harness such favorableness to minimise risk, public reaction to Jaws fed back into Hollywood and the blockbuster as a genre is createdFurthermore Jaws helped set the trend in other areas as well, that of the opening in multiple theatres across a country. Although, Jaws was not the first film to adopt a model of saturated cinema release patterns In 1970s the public saw the long awaited release of Francis Ford Coppolas The Godfather. Prior to The Godfather, high-profile movies would usually play for three months in solo one place, either one theatre or one city, before slowly feeding into other major cities and then, finally, to second- and third, small cinemas in small towns across the country. This modest mode of exhibiting film did have methodology, the film was throw in the toweled to spin its own hype, this kept costs down for companies and allow people to advertise the movie themsel ves via word of mouth. The Godfather had hit a new system of exhibition more by dint of luck than judgement avowedly Spielberg adhered to this mode of exhibition with Jaws. The film opened in nearly five hundred theatres, and in an astounding 78 days it had already dethroned The Godfather at the blow office. This level of public following and adoration had the knock on printing of creating a level of fandom and fan following, through and through saturating the public domain of film exhibition with these films it created a metaphorical community of avid followers, which all revelled in the images Coppola and Spielberg created. These two directors enhanced modes of viewing via these methods, both synergy and saturated release patterns were pivotal for box office profits for both these movies. Also callable to the sheer amount of people who consumed both these texts, Jaws brought people out of the house servant nursing home into the public cinema, and through saturation Coppola created a level of public following present in both films, which enhanced understanding and therefrom blazed a trail for fandom to rise, Which Lucas Star Wars duly exploited with ancillary rights. Lucas utilized both synergy and saturation with Star Wars but elevated the shop by use of merchandising, the result was twofold, Star Wars as a performer of producing income was solidified, even if it was to be a box office flop, Lucas was sure to be in profit, secondly ancillary rights gave brainstorm to the film and allowed fans to buy in to the brand, Lucas created a physical fan base with his Star Wars products, where before, Spielberg and Coppola only had a metaphysical communityThe discussion thus far has centred on how unequivocal texts changed public modes of viewing, and through change, enhanced understanding of the films. Fandom is an important area to counseling on when exploring modes of viewing as when exploring the cinematic world at any length, the term cinephile get out undoubtedly raise itself. This is a term disposed(p) to a person that not only watches and approves the film and the world it creates, resembling to the reaction to the three texts previously mentioned. As Christian Metz suggestsEnchanted at what the machine is capable of, the film devotee enters the theatre not just to encounter a particular film but to take ardent, fetishistic joy in the viewing conditions themselvesThe term cinephile would have been used to describe what we would contain a super fan by todays standards. Although it has been argued that film exhibition in the home(prenominal) pose is the complete antithesis of the purpose of film itself, which is to revel in the sheer spectacle of film on the big screen, and be completely enwrapped into it. But with the inauguration of cinematic conventions into the domestic sphere with regard to playback technologies, in this the recreation of cinematic conditions within the home. It has brought the elitist cinephi le into the home and moulded the act of cinephilia as a average for any buyer of videodisk and this is perhaps most explicitly underlined with the implementation of the videodisc in 1996. the film Twister lead this new charge, the digital versatile disc movie compressed film mandate smaller allowing more flexibility and more film data per unit this allowed more of an all encompassing control over the viewing experience. The picture and exit quality were now of a cinematic rival. Furthermore the universe of extra features about the film, director interviews, interviews with cast and crew, behind the scenes etc. This gave the consultation an insight that was usually the territory of the avid fan of super fan, the audience revelled in this new knowledge and the power it yielded over the film. The DVD in essence brought the wider world of fandom where an avid fan would physically need to research out further information about a film through television, paper and magazine intervi ews and the internet. The DVD gave a full panoramic view of the film, from pre to post production and all in between. It gives the owner of the disc an ownership of sorts of the film they have purchased, no weeklong does the spectator only discern at film, passively taking in the codes and conventions of the film world, creation jailed into the film world. But almost in a Brechtian fashion, the consumer engages with the film, starting and stopping, encyclopedism and absorbing elements of the film through their own choice, and the DVDs features encourage and accommodate such behaviours. This mode of viewing brought the once super-fan behaviour to the mainstream public and in this courtship private sphere, thus fandom which was once the domain of eccentric fans has now cause the norm through the various features on DVD. The subject of fandom becoming the norm is significant and leads me to my next point, that of the private predominance of film consumption.The days of public v iewing of film organism the sole exhibitor of film are unfortunately over, not to say the public event of film viewing is not still popular actually on the 18th of declination to the 21st the fifteen films at the box office grossed a lend of 133,519,510.00. But what has changed, is how the public now move through films and film worlds with the institution of playback technologies, making the domestic sphere an easier and more appealing surrounding for film viewing. The ownership of home theatre technology allows a private sphere where people have the flexibility to watch films at their own leisure, without the destiny of attending a multiplex at a specific time. With the uniform implementation of new technologies in the home, it is easy to see how they help the domestic sphere in its faithful recreation of a public mode of viewing, I argue this domestic sphere is likely to remain the more prominent mode of viewing in what is now a modern partnership, especially as societal and cultural ethos has always been progression and not regression. This means, home theatre technologies and opinions towards it will enhance, progress and solidify, although Williams argues that the environment whereby we physically consume the film world is loaded with many sign systems influencing how and to what level we enjoy the film, it nevertheless supports the argument that even though a domestic home is busy, an often loud abrasive place to watch a film. The home world will endeavour in the recreation of an environment convertible to a public cinema, i.e. wall mounted, flat screen television, HD, surround sound and ambient lighting. So these two worlds converge and interweave far more than suspected. Furthermore Eric Hirsh continues a similar argument. Since the late eighteenth century, private aloofness of the home has often been idealized as a sanctuary from the complications and demands of public life. However, Hirsch argues, it is quite a different dynamicSustainable on ly through an ever-widening and interrelated set of connections with the public, the world of work, and society, from which it was self-consciously separated.He alludes to that of the domestic sphere running alongside the public one, rather than each sector being mutually exclusive but rather the private domain is alive with outside connections. Both these spheres now have a symbiotic relationship, the modern home and its inhabitants are not shut out of society when they move into the private sphere but rather consume from within, this mode of consumption is loaded with many cultural and ideological arguments, but there is a definite correlation between this and modern advancements in playback technology. The modern consolidation of these playback technologies into the home is a modern phenomenon and it cannot be denied that their implementation has changed modes of viewing beyond anything that could have been hypothesized many years ago. the domestic sphere has forever had tags o f feeling at the television with a somewhat roving eye, and the cinematic public mode of viewing has a engrossed eye, whereby the viewer is transported into the film world of the big screen, but these outside connections break the barrier between the two spheres. But the actual atmosphere of the home struggles to rival a cinematic one, nevertheless the two spheres have now converged via modern playback technologies. Although the inherent derision lies that this media self sufficiency is somewhat of an empty husk as it relies on the importation of such playback technologies from the outside. The more the private becomes saturated with commodities of the public it could be argued that the very term private will be a concentrated description of the domestic sphere. Nevertheless the two domains do now interweave, which as discussed, was not apparent many years ago. Although where the dominance lies within which sphere can be ambiguous, although it could be argued that the internet is a one way door from the outside into the domestic and with people now consuming bulky amounts of film texts via illegal streaming of just or pre-released texts, it looks unlikely that the public will place such high priority on the cinema again, with an engrained ideology of instant gratification, observation the public film from the private setting is now the norm. The prevalent enhancement rightly or wrongly to prehend itself to new playback technologyModern modes of film viewing is not only privatised within the domestic, but also case-by-caseised within the mobile. IPods, PSPs, portable DVD players and mobile phones means modes of viewing are streamlined so we now move through this media in terms of film consumption, we no longer have the restrictions of viewing in public cinema or the domestic home, but rather the prior mentioned technologies make viewing mobile and perpetually flexible, for instance youripodmovies.com offer customers a vast database of movie titles to dow nload and then watch directly off of their iPod. This streamlined individual control was epitomized in Newsweeks cover of the future of entertainment (fig 1). The imagery has connotations of a goddess like deity in full control of her own modes of viewing, a hectic lifestyle and the act of consuming on the move, her many arms each dimension a different symbol of technology, the image of technological abundance and the pass on being that universal control now resides at the site of a single person, and not beamed at a passive individual, who had to adhere to computer programming etc. With such centrality of the controlling and consuming individual it is small wonder that public modes of viewing is falling out of favour as the sole exhibitor of new film texts.But if there is to be a cinematic hope it will be in Camerons embodiment, This film is perhaps as seminal as Jaws was in 1975. Camerons utilization of the reborn phenomenon of 3D, correspond with relentless synergistic mark eting may bring the long preoccupied youth audience back to cinemas to revel in the spectacle of cinema, and may take public viewing back to its main purpose, to view film, in a truly immersive panoramic sense, imparting the audience with a sense of being part of a film community. Rather than what the multiplex has been reduced to for many years, which is a social event and the film itself is of little interest to the individual watching it. Camerons use of 3D and large vistas makes personification a rocky text to transfer to TV or the private sphere as a whole. So there may be hope for the fans of watching film on the big screen. Furthermore the plot of Avatar has allowed Cameron eternal possibilities for ancillary rights to be utilized. The Avatar website encourages fandom on a mass measure video games, cast and crew interviews, videos and toys for sale to name but a few. This sort of business practice is significant as it typifies modern modes of film following, many product ion companies produce films that endeavour to ensnare audiences with these synergistic methods, and very rarely do they fail, providing such a deep level of insight into the film making process is a tactic adopted from the DVD format that many films now adhere to even before films are released, as it creates a pool of knowledge about the text which the spectators enjoy. Avatar has opened with incredible success. But due to many of the above discussed points, Avatar will not be representative of a trend return back to public viewing modes, the hype was created and paid off at the box office. In three days it has taken $158 Million. But with a budget close to 500 million Avatar has a long way to go, but many markets from which to make profit.It seems unlikely that cinema will not ever reach out to all ages in society again, nor the levels of constant attendance that previous decade had attained, but is this a tragedy? Through streamlined and privatised modes of consuming films, it h as enhanced the publics knowledge and enjoyment of new and classic texts. Films are produced for the public so the public should have the flexibility and choice how, when and where they wish to interact with their favourite movies. Hollywood is certainly not dead but traditional modes of regular public viewing, certainly is.3095.ReferencesKlinger, B. (2006) beyond the multiplex cinema, new technologies and the home, University of California Press (referenced twice)(fig 1)

Information Giving and Counselling Skills Case Study

Information Giving and Counselling Skills Case takeINTRODUCTIONAs wellness professionals, every day we ar invited to attend uncomplainings delivering different hassles and which indispensability dissimilar solutions or therapies such as checkup discourse, information giving, t each(prenominal)ing, charge, etc. I am a trained retain in dialysis and nephritic pathologies management and I prevail in dialysis whole of our hospital. My main procedure is to receive patients with renal pathology and behave them to the Nephrologist, to plan and to litigate prescribed sermon for those who atomic number 18 diagnosed with renal failure. That interposition tie ins in ecumenic renal replacement therapies worry hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. For the sideline cipher, I altogetherow chosen one of our patients because of the following reasonsHe is a patient suffering of end stage renal disease and undergoing dialysis discussion since 2 years, he passed the first ye ar under peritoneal dialysis just subsequentlywards real degenerative peritonitis and for this he has been transferred for hemodialysis.He is put forwardponement for renal transplantation hardly immediately lacks fund contended for the wait onBecause of peritonitis he has received analgesic drugs for a long cartridge clip to salvage distress but he finished by developing colony to woundkillers. Still now he continues to claim for painkillers while there is no valu fitting reason.He make ups signs of anxiety and lowIDENTIFYING THE PROBLEMIdentifying nodes trouble is the nominate of the success of charge physical process. Problem exploration is an important step, because it permissions counselor- node initial contacts and to comprise out the nodes chore. For this, all the process has to be well prepared. The preparation concerns the lymph gland and the environment in which advocate will be given. Concerning my invitee preparation, to shrink his cons ent, I get hold of before all explained him what is counseling and what its benefits are for quite a little undergoing it. Concerning the environment, all counseling sessions amaze taken place in our service, in one of our collide withices that I engage chosen because its calm, well illuminated and aerate and where distracting converts have been eliminated. We used chairs permitting to have various positions but every time it was viable, I arranged them in manner to permit portray to face interaction. This arrangement permits us to avoid distractions and to have a full capable interaction. way sessions were arranged to have place before each hemodialysis session, and I tried to avoid they went over 30 minutes. This has the purpose to permit my invitee to attempt quietly his hemodialysis session.My client MV is a young adult presenting various problems. After a careful analysis, I found that my client has various problems which have to be resolved by himself or throug h assistance from different heap. here(predicate), I found that neededassistance could be categorized as followingProblem necessitating opposite alleviate than counselingTreatment of complete stage renal disease the management of that condition is accomplished primarily by medication, diet therapy and renal replacement therapy. The initiators of the treatment are Physicians (Fink et al., 2001).Problems which whitethorn father solution with counseling dependance to painkiller drugs treatment by painkiller began while my client was treated by peritoneal dialysis. He demonstrable chronic peritonitis with intolerable group AB pain. For the pain he received painkiller each time he claimed it. After stopping peritoneal dialysis and stoloning hemodialysis, my client continues to ask painkiller although we dont propose a real reason for it. We concluded that he has developed dependency to painkillers. Understanding a variety of models and theories of dependence and different pro blems associate to warmness use, describing helping strategies for cut down the negative effects of substance use, abuse, and dependency are among competencies of a counselor in dependance (U.S CSAT, 2005).Problem which may insure solution in combination of medical exam examination assistance and counselingAnxiety and depression which according to my assessment are due to hold a long time the renal transplantation without hope to find financial assistance for the process.Thinking to be useless for the familyAnxiety and precaution of the future before he entangle sick, he was going to begin university studies and has been obliged to stop themBrusque stop of painkiller treatmentCucor D. et al, (2007)recognized that depression is one of common mental wellness problem for people with End-stage renal disease. harmonise to them, depression is one of factors influencing morbidity and mortality rates among those people. respective(a) medications are used to fight anxiety and depr ession but to be more effective, medication need to be combined with other therapies like demeanoral therapies. When associated, both medical and conductal therapy, patient benefits from kick downstairs flow in symptoms and a lesser risk of set clog up (http//helpguide.org/mental/anxiety_types_symptoms_treatment.htm).The client has developed dependency on painkillers drugs and has been obliged to stop them without any psychological assistance to help him to do gentle withdraw from drug taking. According to my assessment and a long time passed with the client, its for that problem that my client demand to be helped for the first time and its about it I have chosen to work with him as also he has wished. It may be a saturated task, but this will help the client and will help me to beat up more experienced because we are lacking experienced counselors.TRANSCRIPT OF parting OF MY COUNSELLING INTERACTION WITH MY CLIENTDuring counseling sessions, the counselor uses various techniqu es to interact with his client. Communication and interaction management skills are used during counseling interaction and their use depends on how the session is going. Here below is a utterly transcript of one session I had with my client.Myself you come just to present me problems which are stressing your action, could you tell me now about the intensity of each problem?Here I have used questioning skills to help my client to express himself and explore issues concerning his problems. client As I told you in the pass session, I have been suffering from chronic renal failure there are now more than 3 years. As you see it, I am young and I was about to begin my university studies when I felt ill. At the beginning, I was confident even though my doctor had told me that I will need long boundary treatment. Now when I conjecture about my future, I happen hopeless. My studies stopped, I lost a cumulation of money with medical treatment, and I dont have money for renal transplant ation, and for my unluckiness although he knows that I am suffering the doctor has stopped my scenes of painkiller.Myself I realize you feel overburden by all those problems according to you which problem is generally troubling your life? What are your main concerns?Client actually its my free burning unrelieved pain.Myself Can you briefly speak about that pain?Here, way skills to bring my client to give a clear definition of the problem for which he involve our help.Client as you know it, I have started treatment with peritoneal dialysis. After 5 months of treatment I developed peritoneal infection which was causing me serious pain. Other patients who had the same problem in the erstwhile(prenominal) conscious me to ask to my doctor to prescribe me Pethidine which relieves pain and permits to sleep.Here, active listening skills helped me to show to my client that I am attentive to what he is telling me.Myself how did you appreciate the treatment with Pethidine?Here also I used questioning skills to get full information which throw out help me to analyze the relationship between my clients problems and his medical history.Client at the start it was wonderful to not feel pain and I was again able to close my eyes and sleep.Myself and later on?Client after, it became impossible for me to sleep without my injection and one injection a day was not sufficient for me. For this, all the day I was harassing my nurse to provide me Pethidine.Myself You told me that when you begin treatment with Pethidine everything was ok, no pain and you were able to sleep. So, how did you take it when the Nephrologist decided to stop Pethidine injection for you?Here I used summarizing skills to help my client to stay fixed on our egress pain. I asked him that question as a challenge to see if he will continue to tell me that he still needs Pethidine injection.Client it has been a bad moment for me and up to now I dont understand him because I am still feeling pain.Myself h ow do you feel when you are at your home?His family members have told me that he is quite at home and claims to feel pain only when he arrives in medical facilities. I wanted to get deep information about his pain.Client Not very bad. I feel exaggerated pain when I come for treatment.THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGSIn this work, I have been using the client- have-to doe with procession. That flak of counseling has been conceptualized by Carl Rogers (1946). The fundamental belief turns around the idea that each several(prenominal) innately strives towards self actualization, in the other words to be the best that he screw.Essentially the person or child centered approach extends the central conditions of empathy, no conditional positive regard and congruity to the client, facilitating, in a reflective and non directive way the clients exploration and harmonizing of his stirred up and own(prenominal) issues that have been arisen from his lifes experiences.The target is, to help the c lient to give up the personal image which he has built around his unmarried experiencing (Mearns D. Thorne B, 2000 p5).This approach considers a client as an active agent, able to take responsibility for his own condition. Palmer reinforces this when he notes clients are encouraged to explore their approximately near held opinions and values, in order to discover for themselves, what it is that really matters to them, what it is worth living for or what would be worth dying for (Palmer, 1996p31).The respect of client is essential in this approach. According to Corey (1977) the strength of this approach come from its capacity to focus on preferences and path shipway headed for personal growth. Emphasis is on freedom, responsibility and the persons ability to redesign his life through attentive choice.The counselor-client relationship is also essential to good confide of client-centered approach. To participate effectively in counseling, Freshwater (2003) claims that nurses nec essitate to recognize the client as an equal, though as clients often view nurses as experts it butt end make this relationship difficult to obtain.Through this work I have been using the theories of motivational interviewing counseling, in which the main objective of the counselor is to pose and work with the clients motivation to change. Motivational interviewing builds on Carl Rogers optimistic theories about peoples capabilities for recitation free choice and changing through a process of self-actualization (Alcohol answers, 21.8.2009).The remedial relationship counselor-client is a reciprocal partnership. The counselors role in motivational interviewing is directive, with a goal of eliciting self-motivational statements and behavioral change from the client in addition to creating contrast to enhance motivation for positive change (Miler and Rollnick, 1991).As healthcare providers, we are often asked to act as change agent for our patients, students, and colleagues. When w e play that role we try to help people make necessary behavior changes by instructing them in the whys and hows of making them. We may have been trained to believe that if we plain teach our patients what they need to do to change and do it effectively enough they will change (Ellen R. Glovsky, and Gary R., 2007).In our daily work, tendency is to think that our clients need only medical assistance, but when we try to analyze the situation, we may find that we are wrongful. All clients needs are not answered by medicines or other medical and nursing interventions. Most of the time, we ignore the socio-psychological aspect of the problem. This is uncommon with chronic renal diseases like end stage renal failure, diabetic nephropathy, spatecer, etc.Sensky (1993), in his work, showed how renal failure impacts on persons life. The impact doesnt only concern the physical condition but the whole person. With renal failure, various alterations come in the life the patient has to learn bleak skills and strategies which can help him to cope with his condition. The patient has to attempt to adapt to his chronic indisposition and the necessity to deal with habituation on dialysis machine or other elses kidney to continue to live.In their works, (Levenson, 1991 Kimmel, 1993, and Finkelstein, 2002) recognize that anxiety and depression are the most common psychological problems in dialyzed patients. The same idea can be found in the work of Chilcot and his colleagues. They found 20% to 30% of End stage renal disease patients with signs of depression at various levels (Chilcot, Al., 2008).The other problem found in patients undergoing long term dialysis is a possible addiction on pharmaceutical drugs like painkillers (Manjula, Bennett, Chertow, 2003).Addiction is defined as a state characterized by impaired controlover the use of chemical substance and/or behavior. This lead the addict to seeking and abuse of drugs, a need to continue to take drugs to which slightly one has become habituated following a repetitive utilization because it produces some special effects like euphoria and other types of mental status alteration. Clinical manifestations occurbeside physical, psycho cordial and spiritual dimensions (College of Physicians and Surgeons of Saskatchewan, 2008).Addicted substances are like alcohol, stimulant substances like cocaine, heroine, marijuana, and medicines like tranquilizers and painkillers.Others may habitually mess up prescribed drugs with alcohol to numb the mind from staying on disappointments or personal conflicts. Many people persist in taking medications to feel better physical or psychologically even when no ailments are present and some insist that they cant function without them. Statistics indicate that, the number of visits in emergency room for prescription and illegal drugs overdoses are the same and that individual abusing medical drug like codeine can be just as addicted as the one who abuses of illegal drug l ike cocaine. dapple prescribe medicines is absolutely legal, ethical and moral laws prohibits the use of medicines for purposes other than the passe-partout aim. Addicted people need therapists specialized in chemical dependence counseling and who can help them to recover from the addiction by reviewing past medical history and patterns of substances abuse. Most of the time counselors discover that long term abuse has produced undesirable psychological and physical effects. The case presented above concern a patient addicted to Pethidine, a painkiller of opioids pharmacological family. Addiction to opiates like morphine can occur after chronic pain suffer is given dosages to control acute discomfort, and continues its use long after pain has collapsed (ChristiaNet, 2009).Many people with long-lasting pain receive treatment by opioids. But, there are evidence throwbacks and side effects that may follow this treatment. Developing tolerance to drugs is one major risk, sometimes at sh ort time. The second major risk is the development of addiction. Addicted people to painkillers becomeso fixated on getting more of them that the coercion prevail over the medical target of relieving pain (Media Planet, 2009).COUNSELING IN ADDICTIONThe focus of individual drug counseling is on the symptoms of substances addiction. It also relates areas of weakened function and the building and content of the clients ongoing rehabilitation program. The first target of counseling in addiction is to support the addict to achieve and maintain abstinence from habit-forming substances or behavior. The second target is to aidthe addict to recover from damages which have caused by addiction in his life (Delinda E. Georges W., 1999).The addicts counselor works firstly by helping the client to be aware of the reality of a problem and the connected unfounded thinking. In the next steps, client is excited to achieve and uphold abstinence from addicted substance or behavior. This can help to develop needed psychosocial abilitiesand spiritual growth to remain in recovery process (Delinda E. Georges W.).ADDICT INDIVIDUALIZE COUNSELING PROCESSCounseling as a helping process consists of 3 main physical bodys. individually phase has its distinct aims although the same skills may be used in those 3 phases. Those three main phases areExploration, assessment and planning phaseIn this phase, the main objectives are to apprehend the client as a whole person, to plan counselors interventions, and to arrange an agreement between counselor and client. reclamation counseling and goal achievement phaseCounselors objectives in this phase are the initiation and implementation of his treatment plan in collaboration with his client. bound and evaluation phaseIn the closing phase, objectives are to conclude treatment process and deliberate its outcome with the client, and to arrange agreement on coming(prenominal) actions.Rehabilitation and relapse preventionIn addiction counseling, t he objectives of the all process are to rehabilitate the client from the addicted substance or behavior and to prevent the relapse.RehabilitationRehabilitation may be defined as the process consisting in recovering the capacities that have been reduced due to injuries or illness. The recovery is sustained only when there is no relapse or return back to addicted substance or behavior. Here, the goal of counseling is to lead the client to a full reintegration into his community as self-propelling and valued person. Each time its possible, detoxification comes first, and after can be started the put of the basis of rehabilitation process. Abstinence from addicted substance or behavior is not enough in itself. The addict has to see the profits of staying ascetic otherwise he can relapse at short or long term (United Nations International Drug Control Program, 2003).Individual addiction counseling doesnt only focus on stopping or reducing addicted substance or behavior. It will also ad dress the other related domains of impaired functioning and those are such as social relations, illicit activities, employment status, etc. When additional helps are needed, the counselor is advised to refer the client (U.S National institute of Health, 2009).RelapseAbove, I have mentioned that counseling process has to help client to maintain abstinence after the recovery period, otherwise the client can relapse and return back in addiction.What is a relapse?There is a relapse when, a client in recovering period or in post recovery, returns to the addicted substance/behavior or becomes addicted to a new substance.Prevention of relapse in counseling processPreventing relapse is a very important element of recovery. When the client becomes able to establish some constancy in abstinence, he could begin to develop skills to put off future relapse to addicted substance/behavior. To prevent relapse, the addict has to be taught how to observe in advance, when he is headed near a relapse and to modify course of events. Through counseling process, by education, the addict can identify indicators of coming up relapse. Those indicators are like negatives changes in clients behavior, feelings and attitudes. Once the client became conscious of the environment of relapse process, his next mission is to build up the skills to intervene and change any occurring negative behavior or feelings (Delinda E. Georges E.)SELF-EVALUATIONI am not a professional or trained counselor. I am only a student in nursing studies who is attempt to apply learnt counseling skills. I have chosen to work with my client about his addiction. I know its a very complicated subject for a beginner in counseling, more experience is needed. Difficult to make do that subject has stimulated and encouraged me to do further reading and researches concerning addiction what is it, its causes, its management by a combination of counseling and other ways of help like pharmacotherapy. During my counseling proc ess, in my clients needs assessment I was more influenced by medical side of my clients problems. The social situation of the patient has not been full analyzed and I think that this can a bit weaken the problem exploring process. The second difficult is to know fringy between intervention domains of a professional counselor and a health professional who applies counseling skills to help a client. We may think that its user-friendly but in practice its very complicated. You ask yourself Does the clients problem need a professional counselor or a skilled health professional can help?This can lead us to be fluctuating in our practice. I suggest here to insist on this point during elaboration of Professional practice and counseling skills module. My strength now reside in fact that I can now lead counseling process without apprehension, methodically and without asking about the beginning or next stages. To help my client, I didnt consider medical data as enough to conclude that my cl ient is addict. I have spoken with my client but it was necessary to know what his family thinks about him. For this, I had discussion with some members of his family about my clients problems and needs. From the family I received information reinforcing the medical diagnosis of addiction. I consider this as a positive point, because we have to check the all environment of client to get real and full information which can help us during counseling process. Not long time after the beginning of my counseling sessions, my client begins to withdraw progressively from his constant obsession to receive Pethidine injection and stop to advise other patients to ask that drug. He was suffering from end stage renal disease a chronic condition so we had many counseling sessions to prevent relapse. We didnt continue to work together he died before the termination of our counseling process but all this process has been helpful for him and full of experience for me.

Globalisation Affected The Design Culture Cultural Studies Essay

Globalisation abnormal The Design agri polish Cultural Studies EssayIt has been determined that our genetics manoeuvre a huge role in what we ar as sight in terms of our looks and personality as well as our likes and dislikes. It has equivalently been debated that creativeness is generic and gum olibanum go off determine what we individualistly project aesthetically pleasing. Yet do our upbringing of morals and beliefs play a role in how we view the world in terms of creativity and architectural plan? In his chapter on Taste, dust (200913) states that The particular culture an individual is brought up in has inescapable influence in that persons preferences. I hightail it to agree as I do believe our preferences when it comes to blueprint, stem from where and how we were brought up and in correlation to this, what we were exposed to in our upbringing.However, it adjoinms in todays fast passed proficient world where we expect advances in technology that ten years past seemed impossible, that we are losing touch of what culture and inheritance are. This generation of technology allows for us to interact in what I believe to be an impersonal fashion. With operate by means of with(predicate) the internet such as Facebook, Twitter and Skype we can impart world(a)ly with the click of a button, which in terms of communication has advantages, all the same we seem so detached from human fundamental interaction and all that comes with it. This is an arrange of globilisation, as we are connected around the world, not only through technology such as the internet, but through the ever evolution and advancement of affect networks of railways that link continents and aviation links that allow for continental travel. The reality of the 21st century is that one can be in a different continent within a matter of hours and can communicate throughout the world at any point of time. In terms of creative problem solving, todays connected society has advantage as we can collectively gather and share information that can be used for solutions to global problems and therefore founder a global interaction that will determine changes.It is not my argument that this is bad, as we have been allowed a freedom to travel and communicate and therefore experience the world. It is however, my concern that we have been detached from our roots in terms our pagan beliefs and heritage as cross cultural and socio-economic integrations have occurred as a run. Research that has dealt with this composition in particular speaks to how cultures have integrated and mixed and some argue that this is simply a continuation of evolution, yet I feel that as a result we could lose not only cultures that have bragging(a) through the ages but the sense of belonging or as Clay (200913) terms an individuals status in society. It is thus my intention to determine how globalisation has affected cultures through shape changes.Literature ReviewPreliminary question on globalisation as a general root has set the cause of global change and development as a result of technology development that has allowed for the expansion of communication and travel. Cultures have been integrated in the sense that we are all connected through a similar thread that is the internet, where we can share information and discover and solve problems. As a result of this, we are better educated through the accomplishment of knowledge that has been shared through this medium and thus have a better understanding of global issued that are being solved through use. It can be said that every aspect of our lives have been knowing as we are constantly looking for ways to simplify our lives, in the main through technology.However, it is through this ever-growing advancement in technology that we have do our lives and therefore our economies and to some extent of which I intent to determine, our cultures complex and thus integrated. Jarzombek and Hwangbo (Global in a not so Global World.sa) base their scheme on globalisation through what they see as the integration of bracing-fashioned and tradition and how cultural relevancy has been modernised to the extent that tradition is seemingly extinct. Examples of Eastern and Asian Architecture are used here to formulate how politics and global integration can determine what is built and for what economic consumption a building takes on, regardless of the socio-economic situation or cultural personnel that will occur. Although this article shows a bias argument, it is the issue of how cultural relevancy has taken the back fall to global change in causality and political battles that are of a result of globalisation that is of arouse as this can determine how culture in terms of devise is at risk.Therefore, it can be said that our lives are intentional according to these changes as Marcus. G. H (What is Design Today.2002) asks the question What is Good Design? which can add to an infin ite array of answers that are determined by the individual. It is however my interest in Marcus take on how individually aspect of design, from industrial to product design, relates to each other and forms a correlation that will affect each other as a result.Archer. B.L (Design Awareness.1974) similarly discusses creativity and how design is brought about. Elements of design from corporate strategy to consumer demand and conflicting issues in design are explained in a simplified way which break down design into a logical format from creativity and intellections to how and why designs are brought into achievement and the global process that either demands or supplies influence on new design. However, it is the effect on society and heritage that is discussed in a furrow like format, which is of interest as Archer gives perspective on the global effect of design and why consumers are a part of the change.This leads to the idea of the consumer based society whereby we show demand for new products especially in technology and as a result we are affecting what is designed and produced and how we live our lives. Clay. R.(Beautiful Thing.2009) uses examples of art and design to correlate the relationships in all forms of creativity and therefore delves into the evolution of design and how this has effect on culture. Design in relation to our personal upbringings and where we live in todays society coincides on design decisions we make and why and how the human condition has evolved and changes with technology and global issues that are being discovered and solved through design. Cultural influences are debated through examples of clich designs and how these design methods have influenced design today and in what direction design is taking in modern society which will further much change culture and society which serves as the underlying issue of this seek.On a similar chord, while dealing with culture of a component or geographic whereby consumers can be inf luenced through design, symbols and signs play a role in what is attractive or desirable in design. Culture can be described as familiarity and it is that which shows difference in culture and therefore design takes inspiration from this. Saleh M. (The use of historic symbols in modern-day planning and design*. 1998) explains that The significances in symbols can be derived from three limpid forms of interaction first, the ascription of economic and intellectual status to an object as a result of historical discourse second, through use of an object when mediated by the cultural sphere and third, when exchange values are transformed to sign values, as citisens, designers or decision makers interfere with the meaning of a landmark under cultural, economic and political relations of proceeds and therefore introduces the realm of symbolic relation between culture and design and therefore how globally this relationship has been affected, of which the intention is to determine.Signi ficance of ResearchMy earlier explore has indicated that this topic is relevant in correlation to what is already know and it is the intention to further my knowledge of both cultures around the world as well as design that relates to culture and heritage. I have unceasingly been interested in travel and how other people live and despicable to a new country has expanded my interest as I have learnt how people in southeasterly Africa live and how different the divers(a) cultures are. Language has also been a significant as I have learnt three languages that I would consider to be beneficial to my intended travel plans, and through language I have learnt that there is culture and heritage that is connected to a language a topic that I could moderate into my research paper.As it is my intention to research further into the implications of globalisation in relation to cultural changes and how this has influenced or been influential on design, I see this topic to be relevant to to days society and in relation to South African design.Research MethodologyThough the current literature review, the topic of interest is placed into what is already known and it is my intention to further my research through the following questions and therefore derive a chapter outline for my proposed research paperWhat is globalisation?How have cultures changed?What determined these changes?How has design changed?What has determined these changes?Does globalisation determine design change? How?Does design change determine cultural change? How?

Severe Mercy in King Lear :: King Lear essays

Severe Mercy in queen regnant Lear The silk hat thing about King Lear is that the deeper you dig, the more meat you find. It seems straightforward enough, still that every now and then something leaps out of the dialogue that severs the veil of ordered reality to strike sharp blows at the eternal Within. Even with a minimum of thought, few, I think, when considering King Lear, could emerge unshaken. There argon flicker archetypes of pain and grace and mercy and redemption. And like all truth, Lear abounds with paradox we cope him, we hate him he is as King, deity as father, a child. His solution is noble yet immature, his difference is destitute yet sublime. His subjects, all, are antonyms and mirrors. The messages go to us disguised as both story and image. The two are hopelessly bound up with one another, but we shall consider them a little separated in hopes of making some progress by means of such mvstic mire. The images come as flashes of recognition and intuition. W e neednt understand something to be unnatural by it, for intuition is recognition on the sub-conscious level, which is equally, if not more, important. But impertinent the jolts of glory that images may bear, the story is gradually grasped, perhaps even huge after the performance, when the mind may consolidate and review the witnessed events. On the surface, King Lear is a pagan play, as it is eagerness pre-Christian England. But it has, for all that, no shortage of appeals to deity and interesting speculation. This is, after all, a play set on the brink of eternity and it must make us ask on the universe in relationship to the characters and ourselves. The first tragedy is that Lears mankind is void of revelation. It is simply Man and the awesome silence of the Dead. They are a people with no assurence. We who watch the play with the benefit of a Christian worldview have got to displace ourselves and push our authorisations and belief aside, if possible, to let inan inkling of the dispair and repulsive force which must meet each man with no hope. It is not well-to-do to do, and extremely discouraging when we succeed. Asin Beowulf, one of our languages oldest pieces of mythic literature, a mans only assurance of afterlife was living on in the memory of those who remained alive, and the greatest end would be a heroic ballad, a song through which a man may live forever, if forever it were sung.

The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs by A. Wolf Essay -- Childrens Lite

The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs by A. masherHave you ever wondered what the barbarians side of The Three Little Pigs tosh was? Well, Jon Scieszka gives his readers the hazard to see a different perspective dealing with this very circumstance. In many of his books, including The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs by A. wildcat well, Scieszka has employ this style of writing that varies from the norm. Every turn of the page gives rise to mod wonder and suspense as to what the reader will encounter as he or she moves through the pages of this intriguing book. Many of us grew up hearing fairy tales and nursery rhymes and most of us accepted them the substance that they were. However, Jon Scieszka likes to take his readers on adventures through the other side. He twists well-known stories slightly just enough to challenge the view that we have had for so long, save not so much that we are unable to realize what report card he is imitating or mocking. The story of the three lit tle pigs traditionally makes the creature out to be bad and ends with the third little pig triumphing everyplace the huffing, puff... The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs by A. Wolf show -- Childrens LiteThe True Story of the 3 Little Pigs by A. WolfHave you ever wondered what the wolfs side of The Three Little Pigs story was? Well, Jon Scieszka gives his readers the fortune to see a different perspective dealing with this very circumstance. In many of his books, including The True Story of the 3 Little Pigs by A. Wolf, Scieszka has apply this style of writing that varies from the norm. Every turn of the page gives rise to tonic wonder and suspense as to what the reader will encounter as he or she moves through the pages of this intriguing book. Many of us grew up hearing fairy tales and nursery rhymes and most of us accepted them the modal value that they were. However, Jon Scieszka likes to take his readers on adventures through the other side. He twists well- known stories some just enough to challenge the view that we have had for so long, hitherto not so much that we are unable to realize what story he is imitating or mocking. The story of the three little pigs traditionally makes the wolf out to be bad and ends with the third little pig triumphing everyplace the huffing, puff...

Operational reorganization :: essays research papers fc

Operational Reorganization planOur come with is downsizing, veneering major cypher cuts, reorganizing departments and instituting a cross-training architectural plan for employees. Its imperative that we efficaciously manage these process changes and transition into a to a greater extent productive organization. A terminus siteting, motivation and stress solicitude program is required to abet employees and management during this transitional sequence. As we are every(prenominal) aware, we essential(prenominal) determine our conjunction more responsive to an increasingly combative global market. We must(prenominal) be more flexible and be up to(p) to adapt speedily to the competitive demands of our industry. Product offendment cycles need to be decreased and our hands must be able to continu all toldy make better our processes to remain competitive. The chase is a step-by-step analysis of a proposed reorganization plan. A time line has been established to sink in the initial 3-month performance phase. The plan provides for a high level of employee involvement, the creation of teams to oversee the changes and set objectives, and a coordinate communication plan to reduce change vindication and insure that our heart and soul is being unders excessivelyd. Step 1 Analysis of organizational Objectives (Week 1)The implementation of a Management by Objectives (MBO) program is an effective firmness to make goal setting operational. (Robbins 206) Specific and measurable objectives must be set at the organizational level and then flowed to divisions, departments and individuals. The required budget cuts deport already established an initial organizational objective. We must measuring the budget cuts and develop a detailed decrement in browse force plan. The spill of employment will be a major destabilizing factor for our company and we should move rapidly to implement the necessary reduction in acidify force to meet our budget crit eria. Our organizational objectives must also cover the specific reorganization objectives that will make our company competitive. The realignment of our organization to reduced process cost, product development cycle measure and marketing objectives all need to be defined and set to an vulturous time line. The additive measures that must be taken to achieve our budgets must also be quantified. Indirect costs and travel budgets need to be established and heedful against our budgets. Step 2 Reduction in organise Force execution of instrument (Week 2)The uncertainty resulting from a reduction in knead force is a major concern for all employees. All too often, I have been involved in layoff situations, downsizing, rightsizing or however management chooses to characterize the manpower adjustment.Operational reorganization essays research papers fc Operational Reorganization ProgramOur company is downsizing, facing major budget cuts, reorganizing departments and instituting a cross-training program for employees. Its imperative that we effectively manage these process changes and transition into a more productive organization. A goal setting, motivation and stress management program is required to assist employees and management during this transitional time. As we are all aware, we must make our company more responsive to an increasingly competitive global market. We must be more flexible and be able to adapt quickly to the competitive demands of our industry. Product development cycles need to be reduced and our workforce must be able to continually improve our processes to remain competitive. The following is a step-by-step analysis of a proposed reorganization plan. A time line has been established to cover the initial 3-month implementation phase. The plan provides for a high level of employee involvement, the creation of teams to oversee the changes and set objectives, and a structured communication plan to reduce change resistance and insure tha t our message is being understood. Step 1 Analysis of Organizational Objectives (Week 1)The implementation of a Management by Objectives (MBO) program is an effective solution to make goal setting operational. (Robbins 206) Specific and measurable objectives must be set at the organizational level and then flowed to divisions, departments and individuals. The required budget cuts have already established an initial organizational objective. We must quantity the budget cuts and develop a detailed reduction in work force plan. The loss of employment will be a major destabilizing factor for our company and we should move rapidly to implement the necessary reduction in work force to meet our budget criteria. Our organizational objectives must also cover the specific reorganization objectives that will make our company competitive. The realignment of our organization to reduced process cost, product development cycle times and marketing objectives all need to be defined and set to an ag gressive time line. The additional measures that must be taken to achieve our budgets must also be quantified. Indirect costs and travel budgets need to be established and measured against our budgets. Step 2 Reduction in Work Force Implementation (Week 2)The uncertainty resulting from a reduction in work force is a major concern for all employees. All too often, I have been involved in layoff situations, downsizing, rightsizing or however management chooses to characterize the manpower adjustment.

The Saddest Day :: essays research papers

It was one of those superb days that makes you forget solely your problems and makes you grateful that you are alive. The sun was beaming down scintillating angelical rays to the earth, turning everything they touched into gold. The wind was a light blowing breeze, like angels vivacious softly upon the world. The birds were singing their most beautiful songs turning the trees into radiant philharmonic orchestras. The crystal clear sky must have transformed into a mirror over the Caribbean Sea, for it was of the most beautiful shades of blue I had ever laid eyes on. The leaves were blowing around on the ground, already changed to refund colors of browns, yellows, and even pinks. The standard pressure smelled refreshing like a slosh of cold water on your face when you awake in the morning, and laconic like an autumn leaf. Indeed, it was a glorious day, but you should never guess a book by its cover.     As I stepped out of the class that morning, I alike k a deep breath and let the morning air fill my lungs. I was arrive at to school, my Dad was waiting impatiently for me in the car. Beep Beep I heard the horn blow, echoing off the brick wall of my apartment. I hurried along to the car, barely jumping in onward my Dad started to pull away. "You need to get ready a little faster you know." He said to me with what seemed to be a unending stern look on his face. I wasnt going to argue with him today. It was too splendid out to fight, so I just nodded my head and smiled. I went through the day feeling great. School seemed as if it had zoomed by and before I knew it I was walking stead. The weather was still the same, if not transgress by now. As I passed little children on my way home I smiled thinking about when I was little how great it was then. The get through thing in the world then was a scraped knee, and now it was a broken heart.      As I neared my house I got a gelidity down my spine, like a cold gush of air when you gift the freezer. I didnt think anything of it at the time. It was just a chill and I got them all the time. But now I know to be stimulate when I get one of