'Life stage\r'

'Psychodrama counseling and therapy Involves a twist of Important elements, which perhaps Is what go fors the psychodrama approach much than and much interesting to those who go on developing in their work. (E. G.Erik Erosions work on disembodied spirit symbolises and the design telling back surmise) speckle in no reek regard to undervalue the importance of underlying audience and responding skills, nor the centrality of a positive therapeutic dealingship, the on-going experience of working with heap leads to more(prenominal) and more thirst for visiting how and why different personalities unction differently, why people think, feel and be pitch the path they do (Jacobs Michael, 1998). †Consider deleting the above.Our experiences and the serviceman roach us daily confront us with the circumstance that effects drive provokes. Erosions work on the theory of psycho fond arranges of study and Melanie Kelvins contri aloneions in the purpose Relations Theory pull up stakes be focus of my discussion In the startle man of this work. Erikson emphasizes that personality develops in a predetermined tell and build upon preceding(prenominal) full stops of increase †the epigenetic principle. He holds that the ego successfully develops when it is able to strictly resolve problems that argon soci all toldy related.With Klein, the earlyish symbolizes of locomoteness atomic number 18 very strategic in the record of the nippers unconscious mind phantasm visit-a-visit its inter proceedingion with the humanes of realisticity. This period, she holds, lay downs the basis for the later phylogeny of more complex states of psychical vitality. Erik Erosions Theory of sustenance Stages While Freud puts grand emphasis on the id and its conflicting interaction with the superego, Erikson talks close to the ego and its interaction with the socio-cultural surroundings. Erosions cast is a combination of â€Å"psychosocialâ € and â€Å"psychosocial” elements.There great deal fewtimes be an attempt to all over induce the valet de chambre vogue to mistake what peck be submitted to naturalized techniques for the true nature of things. †Consider deleting. In his opinion, healing alship fundamental calls for a holistic attitude that does not argue with launch factors but to attempt to Include them In a wider context of rough in multifariousnessative quality. (Erikson Erik, Erosions historical experiences Influenced his assumption that â€Å"a gentlemans gentleman macrocosms worldly concern depends at every model moment on three necessary and completing processes” (Erikson, 1997).These processes argon: The biological process †the operating(a) connectivity of the efferent electric organs that constitute the military man body (soma). The psychic process †the rifle of the psyche which Is responsible for the Individuals experience In the form of the ego synthe sis (psyche) and, The communal process †which is rough(predicate) the cultural composition of the interdependence of persons (ethos). There is a symphony among these processes that bring ab pop holistic human notwithstandingt. Hence, some(prenominal) form of ruin or the isolation of any whiz part of the three processes results in somatic tension.In fancy of the indispensability this Interdependence †the organisms principle, Erikson maintains that the process Is fateful grounding of the In his description, epigenetic refers to the probability that all go upth and evolution follow equivalent patterns. In the epigenetic sequence of development, iodin-on-onely organ has its time of origin. (Erikson, 1997) According the epigenetic principle, we develop finished a predetermined unfolding of personality, which occurs in eight layers. This principle emphasizes the importance of each organ developing properly at the subdue play.He writes that (Erikson, 1997) â €Å"If the organ misses its time of ascendancy, it is not merely doomed as an entity, it endangers at the same time the hole power building of organs, â€Å"Not only does the arrest of a rapidly budding part bleed to suppress its development temporarily, but the previous(p) loss of supremacy to some early(a) renders it unworkable for the suppressed part to come again into dominance so that it is for good modified. ” Improper development gives rise to harmful situations. For instance, it could force a tike into adulthood.One vagary that calls to mind here is the sometimes peculation of the concept of â€Å"responsible person” in some societies. Children be passively or actively forced to take up great responsibilities which, given their expiration f experience and maturity, are not fit of their age. Thus, the natural process of psychic development is truncated. The possible consequence of much(prenominal) a marred process, lacking in the estimable suppor t or experience, is maladaptive bearing patterns or malignant behaviors.In a everyday tangible and randy development, the individual is go about with tasks that generate in them a assurance-mistrust way of relating to their environment. Erikson argues that a balanced form of erudition rests on how, say the trust-mistrust elements are managed by the ego. He holds that (Erikson, 1997), â€Å"How, after birth, the maturing organism continues to unfold, by growing symbolizefully and by developing a prescribed sequence of corporeal, cognitive, and social capacities- all that is described in the publications of tiddler development … If properly guided, backside be trusted to conform to the epigenetic laws of development as they at impersonate create a succession of potentialities for significant interaction with a growing number of individuals and with the mores that govern them”. Hence, the individual stands the chance of growing psychologically stronger until now as they are given the appropriate support at each stage of development by the key persons. Erosions psychosocial theory considers the collision of out-of-door factors, like parents and the community, has on personality development from baby birdhood to adulthood.Every person must pass through and through a series of eight interrelated stages over the entire biography cycle. 1. babyhood: 0-18 Months obsolescent/Trust versus Mistrust. The right amount of victuals and care is pretty much the epitope factor at this stage. Erikson emphasizes that if the infant is healthy fed and cared for, it will develop a healthy balance amongst trust and mistrust. This however excludes over-indulgence mistrust. On the other hand, infants who grow up to trust are more able to hope and eve reliance that ‘things will prevalently be okay. 2. mesomorphic †Anal: 18 Months-arrears: Autonomy v Shame.At this stage, a reek of independence of thought, basic confidence to think and ac t for oneself begins to generate. During this stage the well-cared for child is sure of himself and conceits himself in a positive light as against withdrawing into himself in shame. At this stage, defiance, temper, tantrums, and stubbornness can excessively appear. At this period, children tend to be vulnerable. anyways beness shrouded in shame, they are as well as impacted upon by low self-esteem if they become aware of their inability to unwrap certain skills. Locomotors: 3-6 historic period †Initiative versus Guilt. At this stage the child develops a sense of responsibility which increases their ability to use their initiative. During this stage they experience the proclivity to copy the adults around them and take initiative in creating play opportunities. They also start to explore the universe of dis race around them, asking the â€Å"why-questions”. Guilt and sense of inferiority result from being admonished or when on that point is a belief that somet hing is legal injury or likely to attract disapproval. At this stage the dealinghip with the family is very significant. 4. novelncy: 6-12 long time †Industry versus Inferiority. Here, the child develops the capability of skill social skills that the society requires of them. There is a strong bank to acquire numerous new skills and to acquire familiarity, which helps them to develop alertly. If for any reason on that point is stagnation, the child may experience feelings of inadequacy and inferiority among their peers. They can have serious problems in damage of competence and self esteem. Here readiness is the virtue to strike the balance. 5. Adolescence: 12-18 days- Identity versus case Confusion.In adolescence, some form of conflict mingled with struggling to belong to a specific group, being accepted ND sustain by the group, exists in young people, amidst the desire to also become individuals. This in itself is a big dilemma for them. It is mostly in the earl y part of this stage that pubic consciousness sets in. 6. Young big: 19-30 Years: Intimacy versus Isolation. Young adulthood is the snapper stage of adolescence and the concern at this stage of development centers around issues of independence from maternal influence, and moving towards autonomy and self-direction.There is also the desire for economic independence. Hence, in order to chart a career path, striving to ground the most of home little in the go around possible way. 7. Middle Adult 30-65 Years: Generatively versus Stagnation. The adult person concern at this stage is to embark on projects that will outlast him; leaving legacies could be having children or pitching projects that will benefit others in the society. It can be making ones mark in the scheme of affairs in the world. Simply, it is to catch better the world around us by actively caring for others check to ones capability.Generative feelings occupation with those of stagnation in that in the latter, th e individual think of themselves as vain and uninvolved in the world round them. Stagnation evokes feelings of disconnect with their environment and failure to improve their life or the society in which the live. Thus, it is a stage whereby to fancy a sense of purpose and personal identity informs every experimentation that the adult embarks on. In sum, it is a lasting self image-making sporting stage in life and in some ways, connecterable with the first stage. 8. Maturity/Late Adulthood 65-Death: Ego Integrity versus Despair.This is the stage of stock taking of how one lived their life. It is a moment when thoughts of a productively lived life are rewarded with feelings of fulfillment and integrity on count of ones industrious involvements in the world around them. Or it could be a time of regret and despair for misuse opportunities upon reflecting on their experiences and failures. Those who feel proud about themselves indicate they have lived accomplished life hence they a ssociate integrity and merriment to themselves. Not having much to regret about their life, they can attain wisdom even when confronting death.The unaccomplished person will feel they have wasted their lifetime and are thitherfore left in bitterness and despair. Nonetheless, these stages are however not set in stone. though certain issues are nonfood to a particular stage, some others which seem to be pertinent to particular periods can cake at any other time. They are not ceaselessly resolved by passing through the one stage alone. They could sometimes remain a concern throughout life. Jacobs Michael 1998) OBJECT RELATIONS possibleness: In Frauds psychoanalysis, the term, â€Å" intent” is employed to manoeuver the target of all drives.The objective lens in Frauds view is a subject matter through which gratification can any be obtained or denied. Object in Frauds psychological science is secondary for the reason that it does not form part of the constitutive nature of drives. only when with Melanie Klein, elations to object are very central to her psychoanalysis, for in her views, it constitutes the fabric of the self. In her contributions in the object relations theory, she explains the nature of the childs unconscious phantasm concerning its flummoxs â€Å"inside”, which is populated by varieties of organs and babies.She argues that this phantasm is carried on in earlier months of life, but at this time, it is about the childs â€Å"inside” or its native strawman which is populated by body split substances and people etc. As development progresses, the childs experiences with objects in its environment and significant there are internally re beed in images. According to Stephen A. Mitchell, (1981, 2), Klein holds that the state of ones internal object world forms the basis of their relations with internal and external objects, as well as the drives, closely bound together, constitute the life-and-death determinant of the most important mental process.Klein argues that internal objects are inherent in the child and prior to experience. As development progresses the childs images of objects piecemeal take on aspects of the real object they re ease up in the world. The desire to get the real representation f these earliest internal images in relation to a childs environment informs its loving or hateful drives. Klein posits a roughly like melodic theme of death instinct in further explanation of the inherent, fantastic early object, as does Freud. She argues that, immediately following birth, the child feels within itself, a menace to its life and this must take place if it is to survive.This is seen in the cry which a child gives sour at birth. She holds that the childs first experience of an object in the internal or external world at this point grows out of perceptual misinterpretation of some unknown object whose purpose is to annihilate the child. This expression of experience, Klein exp lains, accounts for subsequent frustration of bodily needs, physical sensations, tension and discomfort in life. Conversely, enjoyable sensations are attributed to good forces. Klein holds that a child has no sense of self or any rational mind, amidst huge and unmediated feelings.The make is psychologically the childs ego and the means of dealing with these feelings. She argues that (1957, 248), â€Å"… The infant has an innate unconscious awareness of the existence of the mother this instinctual knowledge s the basis for the infants primal relation to his mother. ” Hence, having a great mother has a huge impact on the well-being and development of the child, as well as its psychosis later in life. In contrast to Frauds emphasis on the intra-psychic conflict of knowledgeable drives, Klein, emphasis is on the breast.For her, the object of the mother- small fry relationship is all about the breast. In place of libidinal drives, she posits aggressive drives as the fo rce of the object of a childs relations to its creating environment. Thus, the breast is no less an object for the child as do its mother and father. Object relations theory is largely maternal in approach be take a leak it stresses the proveational impact of the intimacy and nurturing of the mother on the child. The relations aspect of Kelvins theory points to the nature of the structure of interpersonal relationships.This structure can be usefully employed in exploring and ghost what and how experiences might be the cause of present psychosis. â€Å"CAN WE EVER LEAVE THE knightly BEHIND”? The relationship between the present and the early(prenominal) is a fascinating one. The idea that the historic influences the present can be argued for based on the principle of cause and effect. According to Jacob Michael (1998) â€Å"Older philosophical thought process used this as one of the arguments for the existence of God: that wherever there is an effect, there must be a c ause; since foot every cause there must be another, this sequence extends into timeless existence until the prime cause is reached”. Occasional allusions to insights of some psychologists At a very general level, in the human society is palpable that civic policies and laws take their shape and form from experiences of the historic. Much so, it is with human behavior in all its complexities. Past experiences can act as stabilizing and purporting scripts influence on the trajectory of a present lifestyle. The extent to which this is exclusively true cannot be completely guaranteed, however.It may also be that suppressing by conflicts is much more pragmatic for some others, and presents a rather fluid ways of managing the present, only that such approach leaves one a prisoner of an unresolved previous(prenominal) until it is attended to. It is worth noting that, however one decides to suppress the past, certain events in the present will somehow unravel it. The ill fortu ne experiences of a friend whose mother passed out is one of many examples that calls to mind which demonstrates that past experiences impact on present. ruddiness, the first child and only sister of five brothers substantial a strong bond with her mother.The mother, for her represented her other self. Hence, she was an integral part of Rose development as a human being. The extent of the relationship was such that, now that her mother is no more, Rose finds life rather â€Å"meaningless and worthless to live”. From our discussions, I can deduce and summaries her feelings thus, â€Å"The lynchpin on which she leant, having now fallen, portends a threat or imaginable discomfort to her keep existence. ” Two points seemed operative in the muddy bonding that Rose had with her late mother.First, she is the only daughter and had been taught by her mother on how to be domesticated as is mostly and proudly the natural character of African women. As a hardworking and in dustrious woman her mother remained a model for her. Secondly, to be a first child in the African setting, one gradually develops a sense of responsibility to flavor after their younger ones. Of course, Rose as a social being take to relate and share with someone with whom she found compatible. She was more naturally inclined towards her mother, being the only woman in the family. Though she has friends, her mother was top in her list.She grew to understand what it meant to be loved, supported and to be a responsible woman from her mother. Now that her heroine is no more, Rose is at the stage where she feels an unmeasurable hollow in her life such that deflecting its impact and projecting her mothers fugue into her environment is indeed a struggle, having recognized that, she nevertheless, has to find a way to continue to live. How to make best of the â€Å"here and now is a quarrel that confronts her. Thus, to break away from the deeply grafted emotional bail bond to her moth er is indeed a huge challenge.Thus, on the question of â€Å"can we ever leave the past behind”, and based on the instances of Roses present condition, I will state that it is somewhat of a difficult a thing to do, depending on how our relationship is impacting on us at a given time. Discussions that we had, I unploughed the principle of â€Å"triangle of insight” in view date making my inputs skilful so that a possible link might be made between the developmental patterns of the images of her internal and those of her external verbal; the past and the present. No matter what the capacitance of our past is, it is well worth our while to approach it with an open mind.This can either help us to understand how our past consciously or unconsciously interferes with our present or how to make best of a not-so-good condition. Rose understands that she needs to get on with life. It is the how of it that is the real task. She needs facing the infallible with confidence an d with a degree of mental and physical independence. Hence, she needs embarking on firmness her past by taking up the tough task of emotional attachment from her late intimate friend, less her physical discomfort in all its forms melt and her instinct for life remains threatened.From Roses story, I gathered that her mother represented more of a trust figure, while others were somewhat of mistrust figures. She experienced a great deal of protection from her late mother that she so thought of herself as being fragile. Roses intimacy with her mother appeared not to have given her the opportunity to develop a much healthier relationship with her peers (Erikson). That being the case, she is now faced with the challenge of establishing a trusting relationship with others.As much as she cherishes the memory of her mother, she must be heedful not to allow her qualities have an imperative effect on her inevitable adventure, less it will be difficult to establish the degree of trust that her moving on in life needs. Conclusion: The past is in some way instructive of who we are, how and why we relate to others the way we do. And so, spirit into the past is very necessary but we need to be careful as not to become stuck in it or too Judgmental about ourselves or past history; for there is always something to take from the past in order to meaningfully chart the resent course of life.Rose can only come to impairment with the fact that her mother is no more, it is out(predicate) that she will leave her memories and friendship behind. On the basis of the foregoing instances, my position is that it is impossible to completely leave the past behind. Klein, Melanie, (1957) ‘Our Adult World and its Roots in Infancy in Envy and Gratitude and Other Works, capital of the United Kingdom: Hogwash, Mitchell, Stephen, (1981), The Origin and Nature of the â€Å"Object” in the Theories of Klein and Birdbrain. Contempt. Psychoanalyst. 17: 74-398, Accessed June 06, 201 4, g:mom.\r\n'