Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Essay

There atomic number 18 legion(predicate) events in a persons life that can be considered traumatic. psychic trauma can be well described as a pitiable experience agent by an event or corporal injury. The symptoms that follow a traumatic event can include disassociation, hyperarousal, and avoidance. Some people favor to cope with their symptoms in many an(prenominal) different ways such as substance abuse, medication, and/or therapy. When working with trauma there be many diverse forms of intervention. nerve center Movement Desensitization and Re outgrowthing EMDR is one form of treatment that appears to be feative.Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is a treatment used in psychotherapy to alleviate scathe associated with trauma (Shapiro, 1991). During EMDR lymph glands reprocess knowledge plot of ground foc exploitation on external stimuli such as, lateral plaza movements, hand tapping, and audio stimulation. Francine Shapiro developed EMDR in 1987 after disc all overing that oculus movements had a desensitizing effect on herslef, and besides after experimenting she set up that others also had the same response to center of attention movements. In 1987, Shapiro named this approach to treatment Eye Movement Desensitization.A case study was conducted to test the forcefulness of ticker movement desensitization. The results indicated there was a significant decrease in distress and increase in confidence in positivity (EMDR Institute, 2012). When this treatment was starting discovered it was reported it serves to decrease anxiety and did non claim to wipe out all posttraumatic stress dis devote symptoms. Gaining feedback from knobs and clinicians this treatment continued to develop. In 1991 reprocessing was added to eye movement desensitization creating EMDR.Adding reprocessing was to reflect the insights and cognitive changes that occurred during treatment and to identify the info processing theory (that Shapiro developed) t o explain the treatment effects (2012). In 1995 the EMDR internationalist Association was founded to establish banals for training and practice (Shapiro, 2001). There have been many studies published in regards to posttraumatic stress disorder and demonstrating the soundness of EMDR. EMDR therapy happens in viii stages. EMDR requires knobs to think about the prehistoric, present, and future.The first figure is designed to obtain register and also to develop treatment proposalning. Obtaining history information can bow out one to two sessions or it is something that is continuous throughout therapy. Clinicians will talk over with the client the specific problem and symptoms resulting from the problem. The client does not have to concord much detail in regards to history. Some people will grapple and give great information and specifics and there are others who are entirely comfortable sharing limited information.With the background information and history collected, the healer will be able to develop a treatment plan that will identify aspires on which to use EMDR (Shapiro, 1991). Targets are the events from the past that created the problem, situations that cause distress, and skills client needs to learn for future well being (1991). The arc indorse bod is preparation, it is important to explain the theory of EMDR and how it works. Establishing rapport to ensure clients are reporting accurate feelings and changes that are experienced during eye movements is helpful (Shapiro, 2001).The second stagecoach of treatment the therapist will also ensure the client has several ways to cope with difficult situations. The therapist is able to discipline different techniques of imagery and stress reduction techniques that clients can use during sessions. The techniques are used to rapidly produce change in emotional disturbances (2001). The client at this point is learning self care. The third phase is assessment, in this phase the client will select a specific computer repositing/picture from the target event. At that time a didactics is elect that expresses a negative self belief associated with the event (Shapiro, 2001).The negative beliefs are verbalizations of negative and disturbing emotions that still exist. The common statements include I am bad, I am worthless, I am nothing, etc. The client past picks a positivist statement to supplant the negative belief. The positive statement should reflect what is appropriate in the present (2001). The client is then asked to judge how true they feel the positive statement is using the one to seen daring of Cognition scale one equals tout ensemble false and seven equals completely true (Maxfield, 1999).Also, during the Assessment Phase, the person identifies the negative emotions along with physical sensations associated with the memory. The client is asked to rate disturbance on the Subjective Units of Disturbance (SUD) scale, with nonentity reflecting no disturbance and ten reflecting the worst feeling ever had (1999). The next phase focuses on the clients emotions and sensations as they are measured using the SUDs rating (Shapiro, 2001). The desensitization phase people reprocess past events while focusing on an external stimulus.This phase allows a happening to identify and resolve similar events that may have happened and are associated with the stipulate event/memory. During desensitization, the therapist will lead the person in sets of eye movement with appropriate changes of focus until his SUDs levels are reduced to zero or a low number. Another phase is the installation phase. The name and address is to increase the positive belief that the person has identified previously to replace the negative belief.The goal is for people to identify and believe in their positive statement and scoring it high on the Validity of Cognition scale. by and by the positive belief statements and installation the next phase which is the body cream off phase, t he client is ask to think about the past target and asked to honour and focus on changes in body. The seventh phase is closure. In this phase the client is asked to keep a log during the week of anything related to the memory that may arise. The goal is to ensure that the client leaves feeling better than the jump of treatment (Shapiro, 1989).It is reported if the processing of the traumatic target event is not complete in a single session, the therapist will process the person in using a variety of self-calming techniques in order to regain a sense of stability. The last phase examines the progress make thus far. The therapist makes sure positive results on scales have been maintained. The reevaluation phase is vital in order to determine the success of the treatment over time (Maxfield, 1999). Clients may feel relief al approximately immediately with EMDR but it is as important to complete the eight phases of treatment.The goal of EMDR is to produce the most comprehensive and profound treatment effects in the shortest period of time, while simultaneously maintaining a stable client. The beginning of EMDR appears to be similar to motion-picture show therapy. There are several studies and reviews that have been completed to test the effectiveness of EMDR in treating trauma. EMDR has been found to be an effective treatment for trauma. It has also been found to work exuberanter than other therapies (Cahill, 1999). A study done by Davidson and Parker compared EMDR to no treatment and compared it to other moving picture therapies such as extended exposure (2001).This study explored thirty four studies on the effectiveness of EMDR in treating trauma. It was discovered that among the thirty four studies, EMDR was found to be effective with an effect size of . 83 when compared to no treatment. It was also found to be a better choice of treatment than other non-exposure therapies such as CBT which sole(prenominal) had an effect size of . 55. Controlled effica cy studies report a decrease in PTSD diagnosis of 70-90% after three to six sessions (Chemtob et al. , 2000). EMDR has been compared with cognitive behaviour therapy in past clinical trials.EMDR has also been compared with and found superior to a huge range of other treatments, such as relaxation therapy, biofeedback, standard mental health treatment in a managed care facility, and expeditious listening (Maxfield, 1999). Evidence establish support has led to EMDR being adjudge as effective in the treatment of PTSD. Independent reviewers for the American mental Association reports EMDR and exposure therapy as empirically validated treatments (Chambless et al. , 1998). Also the global Society for Traumatic Stress Studies designated EMDR as effective for PTSD (Shalev et al. , 2000).They far-famed that EMDR is more efficient than other treatments as it used significantly fewer sessions than behavior therapy and took less time (2000). Cahill found similar results in a literature r eview conducted. They found that as a whole EMDR is effective in treating trauma, but that it is equally as effective when compared to other exposure therapies (1999). Some studies also indicate that EMDR may be more easily tolerated by clients than other exposure therapies. In a study by Schubert, it was discovered the use of eye-movements in the EMDR process reduced the pulse and oculus rate in clients (2010).This suggests a calming experience as the process progresses. EMDR has been extensively researched in the treatment of trauma survivors. EMDR has been tested with survivors of a wide range of traumatic events, using a variety of control conditions, in multiple fibres of settings, by numerous researchers (Maxfield, 2002). Research has also investigated the use of EMDR with victims of rape, physical assault, childhood abuse, natural disasters, accidents, and other traumas (2002). EMDR is a therapeutic technique in which the patient moves his or her eyes back and forth, while concentrating on the target event or memory causing distress.The therapist waves a dumbfound or light in front of the patient and the patient is speculate to follow the moving stick or light with his or her eyes. EMDR is fast and rapid approach to therapy. While there are many supporters of this type of therapy there are many critics that believe EMDR is pseudoscience. It is suggested, wit evidence based information EMDR is an effective treatment. It is important to note that only clinicians who have stock specialized training in EMDR are able to conduct it.