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Pros and Cons of genetically Modified Foods EssayOur ancestors first cultivated comprises some ten gibibyte years ago. They domesticated tools later and then selectively bred both grafts and animals to meet various requirements for human forage. manhood disc everywhereed female genitalscel biological processes such as fermentation of fruits and grains to derive wine and beer, and yeast for baking hot bread. Manipulation of foods is not a rude(a) story, therefore. The latest agricultural discovery uses genetic engineering engineering to modify foods. Farmers and plant breeders baffle been changing cut down plants to improve characteristics such as size, resistance to affection and taste. Plants which grow well, have a higher yield or taste better are selected and bred from. This is even-tempered the most widely used technique for trailing new varieties of a crop, and is limited by natural barriers which stop disparate species of organisms from breeding with each o ther. Genetic modification is very different to these handed-down plant breeding techniques. Genetic modification is the insertion of desoxyribonucleic acid from atomic number 53 organism to another(prenominal), usually by molecular(a) technologies.Genetically Modified Foods (GMF) are animals or plants that have had genetic modification. This changes the characteristics of the organism, or the way it grows and develops. Jim Maryanski from the U. S. Food and dose Administration, had the following to say in an interview publish on the FDAs website. ?There are hundreds of new plant varieties introduced every year in the United States, and all have been genetically circumscribed through traditional plant breeding techniquessuch as cross-fertilization of selected plantsto assert desired traits.?(Robin)Current and future GM products includea)Food that jakes deliver vaccines bananas that hold hepatitis B vaccineb)More musket ballritious foods rice with change magnitude iron and vitaminsc)Faster developing fish, fruit and nut treesd)Plants producing new plasticsIn so many respects, genetic modification is perfect for todays society. It would dish out agriculturalists overcome all headaches associated with growing large crops, and basically tailor the food growth industry to mass consumption by the familiar population. The famous frost-resistant tomato example is perfect in illustrating this point.With a tomato that resists frost, the season for growing them would be drawn-out and therefore a farmer would be able to produce to a greater extent tomatoes in one year than they were able to do in the past. Gene engineering science not merely gives us the emf to select the exact characteristics we pauperism in an organism, but it also enables us to cross species barriers. For example, we stub abridge an insecticide-producing gene from a bacterium and insert it into a plant, making the plant resistant to insect attack. This new-found business leader to cross species barriers is what light ups gene technology such a powerful tool.Producing enough food for the worlds population with break through apply up all the available land is an enormous challenge. One solution is to develop crops that yield to a greater extent(prenominal) with fewer inputs that are more resistant to diseases that spoil less during storage and transport that contain more useful nutrients and that can grow in agricultural land that has been degraded. Gene technology gives us the strength to do this. Genetically modified foods have been available since the 1990s. The principal ingredients of GM foods currently available are derived from genetically modified soybean, maize and canola.The first commercially grown genetically modified food crop was a tomato created by Calgene called the FlavrSavr. Calgene submitted it to the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for assessment in 1992 following the FDAs close that the FlavrSavr was, in fact, a tomato, di d not constitute a health hazard, and did not need to be denominate to indicate it was genetically modified, Calgene released it into the market in 1994, where it met with little public comment. Considered to have a poor flavor, it neer sold well and was off the market by 1997.However, it had improved solids contents which made it an attractive new variety for canned tomatoes. Transgenic crops are grown commercially or in field trials in over 40 countries and on 6 continents. In 2000, about 109. 2 million acres (442,000 km? ) were planted with transgenic crops, the principal ones being herbicide- and insecticide-resistant soybeans, corn, cotton, and canola. Other crops grown commercially or field-tested are a sweet stump spud resistant to a US strain of a virus that affects one out of the more than 89 different varieties of sweet potato grown in Africa, rice with increased iron andvitamins such as golden rice, and a variety of plants able to survive extreme weather. Between 1996 and 2001, the total surface capacity area of land cultivated with GMOs had increased by a factor of 30, from 17,000 km? (4. 2 million acres) to 520,000 km? (128 million acres). The value for 2002 was 145 million acres (587,000 km? ) and for 2003 was 167 million acres (676,000 km? ). soja crop represented 63% of total surface in 2001, maize 19%, cotton 13% and canola 5%. In 2004, the value was about 200 million acres (809,000 km? ) of which 2/3 were in the United States.In limited, Bt corn is widely grown, as are soybeans genetically designed to await glyphosate herbicides. Future applications of GMOs include bananas that produce human vaccines against infectious diseases such as Hepatitis B, fish that mature more quickly, fruit and nut trees that yield years earlier, and plants that produce new plastics with unique properties. The next decade ordain see exponential progress in GM product development as researchers gain increase and unprecedented access to genomic resources th at are applicable to organisms beyond the scope of individual projects.Biologist Stephen Nottingham explains the risks of GMF? Experimental trials with transgenic organisms are usually conducted strict statutes to minimize the potential spread of genetic material? Even given these regulations, however, no field trial can be said to be 100% secure. This was illustrated when flooding struck the American Midwest in July 1993 and an entire field of experimental insect-resistant maize was swept away in Iowa. ? at a time released accidentally into the environment, plant material may prove difficult to recover.(Bragi)Unique ecological risks have been associated with virus-resistant transgenic crop plants? expiration crops more vulnerable to virus attack and risking the spread of virus susceptibility to other plants. Genetically modified foods are unlikely to present direct risks to human health. There are two main areas of alludea)The possibility of supersensitized reactions to genetica lly modified foods, andb)The possibility that bacteria living in the human catgut may acquire resistance to antibiotics from marker genes present in transgenic plants. Proponents claim that a genetically-modified potato is as safe as one modified the old-fashioned way, through generations of selective breeding biotechnology retributive gets the job done more quickly.Critics are concerned that mixing together genetic material from different species might produce unexpected allergic reactions in the person who eats or drinks it. For instance, if an individual consumer who is allergic to broccoli eats a banana that just happens to have a little broccoli DNA under the peel, that person might get sick. Some studies on animals indicate that devour genetically-modified foods may realise allergic responses, compromise immune systems and inhibit organ growth, although no proven cases of widespread reactions have been definitively documented.Opponents of biotech foods want other questions answered, as well. Will re-engineering a plant or animal to serve a precise end, such as improving taste, decrease its nutritional value? Will consuming genetically-modified food products make a person more resistant to antibiotics, which are widely used to treat bacterial infections? Does consuming milk or meat from livestock that has been injected with growth hormones (a form of biotechnology that is different from genetic modification) subject consumers to early puberty, cancer, and other ailments?Since neither side has been able to provide definitive answers, the jury is still out on food safety after all, genetic technology itself is barely decades old. So one can condense the issue into a single question should we move forward with new technologies that might help provide higher crop yields, new and interesting types of food products, and more profits for the companies that own the technology or play it safe and wait until we better understand the health and environmental con sequences of manipulating life forms that took generations to develop?Multinational Corporations benefit because GMF can be very profitable. GMF have taken hold quickly because multinational corporations with the resources to make large financial investments in research and development can profit directly. Multinational companies can spread out the benefit and profit to many branches of their businesses. Many such corporations combine the following an agrochemical company, a seed company, a pharmaceutical company, a food bear upon company and sometimes businesses involved with veteran products.Developments in one part of the corporation can be used to sell products in another branch. Farmers benefit in the short term because they can grow and sell more crops with fewer problems collectable to weeds, pests, fungi or frost. The genetically modified seed is designed to resist these traditional enemies. Food processing companies benefit from a ready supply of raw food ingredients d esigned for specific processing needs. Genetically modified tomatoes and potatoes, for instance, have higher solid contents and yield more sauces and French fries.These foods take longer to ripen and rot. Thus less food is spoiled and more gets processed. Supermarkets benefit for the same reasons. The fresh produce lasts longer on the shelves and is more profitable. Consumers, to date, havent benefited. GMF have been developed for the convenience of the producer and processor. Yet they cost more to produce and the costs get passed along to the consumer. Eventually there will be some large-minded of designer novelty foods for shoppers to try.Nottingham adds that there are many other concerns including ethical questions involving animal welfare, whether DNA is veridical life, and intellectual property rights and genetic resources from the Third World. (Bragi)The worlds poorest nations account for around 95. 7% of the worlds genetic resources. Traditional country practices involve f armers retaining seeds, from the harvest of one years crop, for planting in the following year. This practice saves money on buying seed and in itself represents a continuous selection for yield and resistance to pests and diseases.However, with genetically modified seed, royalties are payable to the companies holding the patent for the seed. Under world trade agreement rulings, farmers have to make substantial royalty payments to multinational companies if they keep seed for replanting, even if the crop happens to be native to their particular country. Genetic engineering is a valuable new technology that can develop more sizeable and nutritious foods, with great potential benefits for humanity and the environment, and this new scientific discovery needs to be implement as quickly as possible for humanitarian reasons.As with every new scientific technology, catastrophic side effects of genetic engineering are inevitable and great care should be taken in its implementation, inclu ding carefully controlled long-term tests on human health and environmental impacts. All genetically engineered foods have been thoroughly tested and demonstrated to be safe before they are released into the marketplace. However, this testing is typically conducted yet on rats and other animals, by the companies involved. Very little of this research has been reviewed by independent scientists and then published in scientific journals.Genetically engineered foods are usually substantially equivalent to other foods, with no increased risk to human health, and no need for the lengthy and expensive human testing demanded of, for example, new food additives. However, the unpredictable disruptions in normal DNA functioning caused by genetic engineering can produce unanticipated and unknown side effects for human health, including unknown and unpredictable toxins and allergens, and these possibilities can only be definitively assessed through human testing.Genetic engineering is a scient ific and technological process, and its evaluation and governmental regulation should be based on purely scientific and objective criteria. To have a purely scientific evaluation of genetically engineered foods, we need more science, especially human studies and environmental studies. Moreover, purely scientific assessment of genetic engineering ignores the fact that, for many people, food has cultural, ethical and religious dimensions that must also be considered.Alan McHughen, author of Pandoras Picnic Basket The Potential and Hazards of Genetically Modified Foods, in the foot he states irritate no mistake I am in favor of an orderly and appropriately regulated introduction of some GMOs into the environment and marketplace, and I adamantly oppose others. There are good reasons to ban certain products of genetic technology, and good reasons to allow, with management, certain others some may require no extraordinary regulation at all. If your opinion differs from mine after readin g this book, I hope you will be able to justify, if only to yourself, why we disagree.My philosophy is to be skeptical, be critical, even cynical of claims by business interests, government agencies, and militant groups. But also keep an open mind and then decide for yourself. (Internet 7)There? s no uncertainty that the GM food supply should be closely monitored and regulated, but that doesn? t mean it should all be banned. I believe that genetic engineering of plants, animals, and humans has much to offer as long as we are aware of potential benefits and side effects. And that? s true even for more traditional methods of farming, animal husbandry, and medicine.Work Sited1. Cummings, Michael R. , and Williams S. Klug. Concepts of Genetics. New Delhi Pearson Education, 2004. 2. Dubey, R. C. A Textbook of ergonomics. New Delhi S. Chand, 20063. Kumar, H. D. Modern Concepts of Biotechnology. New Delhi Vikash Publishing House, 20034. Purohit, S. Agricultural Biotechnology. India Agrob ios, 20055. Purohit, S. Biotechnology Fundamental and Applications. India Agrobios, 2004Internet.Reference1. Bragi, David. ?Food Savior Or Frankenfood? The Debate Over Genetically Modified Foods?. http//www. sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article. cgi? f=/gate/archive/2001/06/25/healthwatch. DTL2. Robbin, Adria. ?What Are We Eating http//serendip. brynmawr. edu/biology/b103/f00/web1/robbin. html3. Schultz, Norman. http//www. beyondintractability. org/essay/fact_finding_limits/.4. Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia. http//www. wikipedia. org/wiki/genetic_engineering5. Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia. http//www. wikipedia. org/wiki/genetically_modified_food6.? Genetic Engineering The broil?. http//www. genetic-id. com/prosncons/index. htm7. http//www. foodmuseum. com/issues. html.